{"id":694,"date":"2016-05-03T04:30:20","date_gmt":"2016-05-03T08:30:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.yookoso.com\/?page_id=694"},"modified":"2016-10-12T04:39:42","modified_gmt":"2016-10-12T08:39:42","slug":"nichibei-kaiwa-gakuin-b2s-notes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.yookoso.com\/notes\/nichibei-kaiwa-gakuin-b2s-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Nichibei Kaiwa Gakuin – B2S Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

NICHIBEI KAIWA GAKUIN — B2S NOTES<\/h2>\n

These are notes I compiled from my study at Nichibei Kaiwa Gakuin in Tokyo. They are from the school’s second level course, B2 which is the second basic level grammar course (would be considered intermediate at many U.S. based programs).\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

Parts of Speech<\/h2>\n

Adjective – \u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e (\u3051\u3044\u3088\u3046\u3057)
\nAdverb – \u526f\u8a5e (\u3075\u304f\u3057)
\nVerb – \u52d5\u8a5e (\u3069\u3046\u3057\uff09
\nNoun – \u540d\u8a5e (\u3081\u3044\u3057)
\nParticle – \u52a9\u8a5e (\u3058\u3087\u3057\uff09
\nDictionary Form – \u8f9e\u66f8\u5f62 (\u3058\u3057\u3087\u3051\u3044)
\nPresent Form – \u73fe\u5728\u5f62 (\u3052\u3093\u3056\u3044\u3051\u3044)
\nNegative Form – \u5426\u5b9a\u5f62 (\u3072\u3066\u3044\u3051\u3044)
\nPast Form – \u904e\u53bb\u5f62 (\u304b\u3053\u3051\u3044)
\nPast-Negative Form – \u904e\u53bb\u5426\u5b9a\u5f62 (\u304b\u3053\u3072\u3066\u3044\u3051\u3044)
\nPotential Form – \u53ef\u80fd\u5f62 (\u304b\u306e\u3046\u3051\u3044)
\nPassive Form – \u53d7\u8eab (\u3046\u3051\u307f)
\nVolitional Form – \u3044\u3057\u5f62
\nIntransitive Form – \u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e (\u3058\u3069\u3046\u3057)
\nTransitive Form – \u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e (\u305f\u3069\u3046\u3057)
\nCausative Form – \u4f7f\u5f79\u5f62 (\u3057\u3048\u304d\u3051\u3044)
\nConditional (\u3070) Form – \u4eee\u5b9a\u5f62 (\u304b\u3066\u3044\u3051\u3044)
\n
\nNotes<\/em>:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Intransitive verbs (\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e- \u3058\u3069\u3046\u3057) are those that don’t take a direct object; Transitive verbs (\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e – \u305f\u3069\u3046\u3057) are those that do.\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e verbs often have direct objects<\/strong> which can only take the particle \u3092 (in regular<\/em> sentences, e.g., not \u4f7f\u5f79\u5f62); \u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e verbs rarely include a direct object. (though note that their topic can take many particles including \u3092 – e.g., \u3068\u3076 \/ \u308f\u305f\u308b \/ \u306f\u3057\u308b \/ \u3068\u304a\u308b \/ \u3042\u308b\u304f \/ \u3055\u3093\u307d\u3059\u308b)<\/li>\n
  • Some textbooks call the is the stem of the \u2013\u307e\u3059 form (\u307e\u3059\u5f62) the conjunctive form<\/li>\n
  • There is no rule for determining if a verb is transitive (\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e) or intransitive (\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e) but usually<\/em> if it has an \u2013\u3042 before the ending syllable it is intransitive and if it has an \u2013\u3048 before the ending syllable or ends in \u3059 it is transitive.<\/li>\n

    \u300c\uff0d\u3059\u300d ⇒ \u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e (e.g., \u3053\u308f\u3059)
    \n\u300c\uff0d\u3048\u308b\u300d ⇒ \u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e (e.g., \u306f\u3058\u3081\u308b)
    \n\u300c\uff0d\u3042\u308b\u300d ⇒ \u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e (e.g., \u306f\u3058\u307e\u308b) <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

    \nPlace \u306b<\/u><\/strong> N \u304c V \u3066\u3044\u308b – use for state of being verbs (people or things)
    \n  e.g., \u305d\u3089\u306b<\/u><\/strong>\u307b\u3057\u304c\u3072\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b
    \n
    \nX \u306b<\/u><\/strong> N \u3092 V-\u307e\u3059 (X can be place, noun, question word, etc.)
    \n  e.g., \u3069\u3053\u306b<\/u><\/strong>\u540d\u524d\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u304b\u307f\u306b<\/u><\/strong>\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044
    \n
    \nPlace \u3067<\/u><\/strong> N \u304c V \u3066\u3044\u308b – use for action verbs or events if using \u3046\u3051\u307f
    \n  e.g., \u516c\u5712\u3067<\/u><\/strong>\u5b50\u4f9b\u304c\u3042\u305d\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059 e.g., \u30bd\u30a6\u30eb\u3067<\/u><\/strong>\u30aa\u30ea\u30f3\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u304c\u3072\u3089\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b
    \n
    \nPlace \u306b<\/u><\/strong> N \u304c \u3042\u308b – use for location\/presence of something
    \n  e.g., \u3042\u306e\u307f\u305b\u306b<\/strong>\u304a\u3044\u3057\u3044\u3055\u304b\u306a\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059 Place \u3067<\/u><\/strong> N \u304c \u3042\u308b – use for events
    \n  e.g., \u30b9\u30da\u30a4\u30f3\u3067<\/u><\/strong>\u30aa\u30ea\u30f3\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059 \n<\/div>\n
    \nStringing together multiple adjectives or descriptive nouns
    \n\u3044-adjective: root + \u304f\u3066<\/u><\/strong> + adjective
    \n  e.g., \u3075\u308b\u304f\u3066\u3084\u3059\u3044\u672c
    \n
    \n\u306a-adjective: root + \u3067<\/u><\/strong> + adjective
    \n  e.g., \u306f\u3067\u3067\u304d\u308c\u3044\u306a\u30b7\u30e3\u30c3\u30c4
    \n
    \nN1 + \u3067<\/u><\/strong> + N2 + \u3067\u3059
    \n  e.g., \u9752\u6728\u3055\u3093\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059
    \n
    \nNote<\/em>: You cannot use this form to string together attributes which are totally unrelated or opposite in nature!\n<\/div>\n
    \n\u3069\u3053\u3078\u3082<\/u> NOT \u3069\u3053\u3082<\/u> \u300c\u3069\u3053\u304b\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002\u3044\u3044\u3048\u3001\u3069\u3053\u3078\u3082\u3044\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u300d\n<\/div>\n
    \n\u3053\u3061\u3089 vs. \u3053\u3053
    \n\u3053\u3053\/\u305d\u3053\/\u3042\u305d\u3053\/\u3069\u3053 are generally used to talk about place(s) while \u3053\u3061\u3089(\u3053\u3063\u3061)\/\u305d\u3061\u3089(\u305d\u3063\u3061)\/\u3042\u3061\u3089(\u3042\u3063\u3061)\/\u3069\u3061\u3089(\u3069\u3063\u3061) are used to talk about direction.However, \u3053\u3061\u3089\/\u305d\u3061\u3089\/\u3042\u3061\u3089\/\u3069\u3061\u3089 can be used to talk about place(s) also when the speaker wants the expression to be more polite.\n<\/div>\n
    \nP1 \u306e\u3069\u306e\u3078\u3093<\/strong>\u306b\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304b
    \nThis expression is used when the speaker already knows that the general location of a thing is P1 but wishes to learn the exact location of the thing within<\/strong> P1.\n<\/div>\n
    \nStatement1. \u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089<\/strong>, Statement2.
    \nThis expression can generally used:<\/p>\n
      \n
    1. to add information (statement 2) after statement 1 <\/li>\n

      \te.g., \u79c1\u306f\u30c6\u30cb\u30b9\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30b5\u30c3\u30ab\u30fc\u3082\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059<\/p>\n

    2. to discuss order of actions (statement 2 happens after statement 1) <\/li>\n

      \te.g., \u30c6\u30fc\u30d7\u3092\u805e\u3044\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3057\u3064\u3082\u3093\u306b\u3053\u305f\u3048\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/p>\n

    3. when something left unmentioned also needs to be stated.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

       
      \nStatement1. \u305d\u308c\u3067<\/strong>, Statement2.
      \nThis expression is used to indicate that because of statement1, result statement2 is produced or action statement2 is taken. \n<\/div>\n

      \n\u3060\u3051 vs. \u3057\u304b
      \nBesides the obvious grammatical structure difference (\u3060\u3051 is used with affirmative verb and \u3057\u304b is used with a negative verb ending), there are two other importance distinctions.<\/p>\n
        \n
      1. \u3057\u304b implies that the number (amount, quantity) of the topic is small or insufficient whereas \u3060\u3051 does not have this implication.<\/li>\n
      2. When a noun precedes \u3057\u304b the form may be used to indicate that a particular action is carried out only with respect to that noun e.g., \u30d1\u30f3\u3057\u304b\u98df\u3079\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3000\uff0d I ate only bread [and nothing else<\/em>])<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
        \nNormally Place \u3078\uff08\uff2e\u3092\uff09\uff36\u306b<\/u><\/strong>\u884c\u304f\uff0f\u6765\u308b\uff0f\u5e30\u308b
        \nBUT for N + \u3059\u308b verbs you can use:
        \nPlace\u3078\uff2e\u306b<\/u><\/strong>\u884c\u304f\uff0f\u6765\u308b\uff0f\u5e30\u308b
        \nBUT note you must use \u306a\u306b\u3092<\/u><\/strong>\u3057\u306b<\/u><\/strong>… NOT<\/strong> \u306a\u306b\u306b<\/u><\/strong>…\n<\/div>\n
        \n\u3064\u3054\u3046\u304c\u308f\u308b\u3044
        \nThis expression is used to turn down an invitation or request without revealing a reason.ince it implies that one has a conflicting obligation at the suggested time, it generally<\/em> cannot be used as the reply to an invitation or request in which the time is not specified.
        \n
        \nNote<\/em>: there are exceptions to this rule, especially related to place
        \n  e.g., \u3057\u3076\u3084\u306a\u3089\u3064\u3054\u3046\u304c\u308f\u308b\u3044\n<\/div>\n
        \nA1-\u304f + \u3059\u308b
        \n  e.g., \u65e9\u304f\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044
        \nA2 (root) + \u306b \u3059\u308b
        \n  e.g., \u3057\u305a\u304b\u306b\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044
        \nV-\u3066 + Verb
        \n  e.g., \u4f1a\u793e\u3078\u6b69\u3044\u3066\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\n<\/div>\n
        \n\u306b<\/u><\/strong>\u4e57\u308b \/ \u3092<\/u>\u304a\u308a\u308b | \u306b<\/u>\u5165\u308b \/ \u3092<\/u>\u51fa\u308b
        \nIn general, when the direction of an action is from the outside to the inside, \u306b is used; when from the inside to the outside, \u3092 is used. (Note that actions such as getting off a horse uses \u304b\u3089\u304a\u308a\u308b instead of \u3092\u304a\u308a\u308b).\n<\/div>\n
        \nP1 \u304b\u3089 P2 \u3078 \uff2e<\/strong> \u3092<\/u> \u6301\u3063\u3066<\/strong> \u884c\u304f\/\u6765\u308b\/\u5e30\u308b
        \nBUT
        \nP1 \u304b\u3089 P2 \u3078 Person\/Animal<\/strong> \u3092<\/u> \u3064\u308c\u3066<\/strong> \u884c\u304f\/\u6765\u308b\/\u5e30\u308b
        \nAND
        \nP1 \u3067 \uff2e<\/strong> \u3092<\/u> \uff36\uff0d\u3066<\/strong> \u884c\u304f\/\u6765\u308b\/\u5e30\u308b
        \n\uff57here the V is an action other than \u6301\u3064\/\u884c\u304f\/\u6765\u308b\/\u5e30\u308b
        \n
        \nNote<\/em>: Keep in mind that the top two forms imply two actions which must occur together whereas the last form implies two actions which occur in sequence.\n<\/div>\n
        \nN \u304c<\/u><\/strong> \uff36\uff0d\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059
        \n  e.g., \u4eca\u96e8\u304c\u3075\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059 | \u307b\u3057\u304c\u3072\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059
        \nvs.
        \nN \u3092<\/u><\/strong> \uff36\uff0d\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059
        \n  e.g., \u4eca\u52c9\u5f37\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059
        \n
        \nNote<\/em>: use \u304c for a natural phenomenon or a state of affairs that is continuing (intransitive verb); use \u3092 for an action in progress.\n<\/div>\n
        \nN \u3092<\/u><\/strong> \u3084\u3081\u308b
        \n  e.g., \u4f1a\u793e\u3092\u3084\u3081\u308b\u3064\u3082\u308a\u3067\u3059
        \nOR
        \nV (\u8f9e\u66f8\u5f62) \u306e \u3092<\/u><\/strong> \u3084\u3081\u308b
        \n  e.g., \u96e8\u304c\u3075\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u30d4\u30af\u30cb\u30c3\u30af\u3078\u884c\u304f\u306e\u3092\u3084\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f
        \n
        \nNote<\/em>: use \u306e to indicate that you are quitting an action but also note that you need the context of the sentence to determine if the action that one is quitting is temporary or permanent (e.g., \u30bf\u30d0\u30b3\u3092\u3059\u3046\u306e\u3092\u3084\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f could mean that a meeting was about to start so you quit smoking or it could mean you quit smoking for good)\n<\/div>\n
        \nA1 (plain form) + \u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059
        \nA2 (root) + \u3060\u304b\u3089
        \nN + \u3060\u304b\u3089\n<\/div>\n
        \nN \u306f<\/u><\/strong> N1 \u3082<\/u>…<\/u>\u3057<\/u><\/strong>\u3001 N2\u3082<\/u><\/strong>…
        \nThis form is used to unite two sentences with regard to topic N, the contents of which are in agreement. With regard to the … which are placed before and after \u3057, it is possible to form three patterns:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Before<\/td>\nAfter<\/td>\nSituation to Use<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Plain form<\/td>\n\u3067\u3059\/\u307e\u3059 form<\/td>\nCommon form<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Plain form<\/td>\nPlain form<\/td>\nSlightly formal, written language<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \u3067\u3059\/\u307e\u3059 form <\/td>\n\u3067\u3059\/\u307e\u3059 form<\/td>\nPolite, spoken language<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        \ne.g., \u6797\u3055\u3093\u306f<\/u>\u82f1\u8a9e\u3082<\/u>\u4e0a\u624b\u3060\u3057<\/u>\uff64\u30ef\u30fc\u30d7\u30ed\u3082<\/u>\u3072\u3058\u3087\u3046\u306b\u306f\u3084\u3044\u3093\u3067\u3059\n<\/div>\n

        \nN \u306f<\/u><\/strong> N1\u306f<\/u><\/strong>…\u304c<\/u><\/strong>\u3001 N2\u306f<\/u><\/strong>… This form is used to unite two sentences with regard to topic N, the contents of which are in opposition. With regard to the … which are placed before and after \u304c, it is possible to form three patterns (note they differ from above!<\/em>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Before<\/td>\nAfter<\/td>\nSituation to Use<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \u3067\u3059\/\u307e\u3059 form<\/td>\n\u3067\u3059\/\u307e\u3059 form<\/td>\nCommon form<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Plain form<\/td>\nPlain form<\/td>\nSlightly formal, written language<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Plain form<\/td>\n\u3067\u3059\/\u307e\u3059 form<\/td>\nSlightly rough, spoken language<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        e.g., \u79c1\u306e\u4f1a\u793e\u306f<\/strong>\u7d66\u6599(\u304d\u3085\u3046\u308a\u3087\u3046)\u306f<\/strong>\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304c<\/strong>\uff64\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306f<\/strong>\u3082\u306e\u3059\u3054\u304f\u5fd9\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059\n<\/div>\n

        \n\u306a\u304b\u306a\u304b…(negative phrase)<\/strong>
        \n\u306a\u304b\u306a\u304b can be used to indicate that, although one makes efforts, a certain movement or purpose is not easily accomplished (note that it can also be used with positive phrases to mean quite, fairly).
        \n  e.g., \u79c1\u306f\u6f22\u5b57\u304c\u306a\u304b\u306a\u304b\u304a\u307c\u3048\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3093\u3067\u3059 – I can’t seem to remember\/memorize Kanji
        \n  e.g., \u3053\u306e\u3075\u305f\u306f\u306a\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3068\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\n<\/div>\n
        \nV-\u305f\u3070\u304b\u308a\u3067\u3059 vs. V-\u3066\u3070\u304b\u308a\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/strong><\/p>\n
          \n
        • V-\u305f\u3070\u304b\u308a\u3067\u3059 is used to indicate that only a little time has passed since an act was completed (reference \u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3067\u3059)<\/li>\n
        • V-\u3066\u3070\u304b\u308a\u3044\u308b is used to state in a slightly exaggerated manner that something which the speaker does not think recommendable is frequently done (does something very often, with the implication that it is too often).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

           
          \nNote<\/em>: \u3070\u304b\u308a functions as a noun<\/p>\n

          Note<\/em>: you can’t use this form if the activity described is the ONLY thing ever done.
          \n  e.g., (since Pandas only<\/em> eat bamboo you can’t use this form to say that Pandas only eat bamboo)\n<\/div>\n

          \n\u306e\u4e2d\u3067 vs. \u3067<\/strong>
          \nN1 \u306e\u4e2d\u3067 N2 \u304c\u4e00\u756a… is used to indicate that among three or more things (N1), N2 is the most…
          \n
          \nNote<\/em>: when N1 is a nation or an organization that cannot be divided, \u306e\u4e2d\u3067 is replaced with \u3067.
          \n  e.g., \u65e5\u672c\u306e\u5c71\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u5bcc\u58eb\u5c71\u304c\u4e00\u756a\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3059 vs. \u65e5\u672c\u3067\u5bcc\u58eb\u5c71\u304c\u4e00\u756a\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3059\n<\/div>\n
          \n\u307e\u3048\u306b<\/u> BUT \u3042\u3068\u3067<\/u><\/strong>\n<\/div>\n
          \nA1-\u3066\/N+\u3067\/V-\u3066 vs. V-\u3066\u304b\u3089 vs. V-\u305f\u3089 vs. V-\u305f\u3042\u3068 vs. V(\u307e\u3059 form)-\u304a\u308f\u3063\u305f<\/strong><\/p>\n
            \n
          • V1-\u3066…V2 vs. V1-\u3066\u304b\u3089…V2 both indicate that one moves on to action V2 after carrying out V1 but the sense of order is stronger in V-\u3066\u304b\u3089<\/li>\n
          • S1…[A1-\u3066\/A2+\u3067\/V-\u3066]…S2 differs from S1…\u304b\u3089\/\u306e\u3067…S2 sentences in that the expression implies that the causal relationship between S1 and S2 is natural and that the outcome is what one might expect. As a result, you can’t have S2 be an expression indicating orders, wishes, requests, invitations, etc. (but note that emotional states of being that arise from S1 naturally are perfectly acceptable).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
            \n\u3053\u306e\u30fb\u305d\u306e\u30fb\u3042\u306e<\/strong>
            \n\u3053\u306e is used when the speaker refers to a topic with which he believes the listener is unfamiliar
            \n\u305d\u306e is used when the listener is unfamiliar with the topic referred to by the speaker
            \n\u3042\u306e is used when either the speaker or the listener refers to a topic which he believes both parties are familiar with\n<\/div>\n
            \nA1 – \u304f\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044<\/u><\/strong>\u3067\u3059\u304b
            \nA1 – \u304f\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b
            \nA2\/N – \u3067\u3082\u3044\u3044<\/u><\/strong>\u3067\u3059\u304b
            \nA2\/N – \u3067\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b\n<\/div>\n
            \n \u307e\u3067 vs. \u307e\u3067\u306b<\/strong>
            \nTime \u307e\u3067\u306b V is used to indicate that action V is completed before a time limit T lapses BUT<\/strong> if the verb is one that indicates an action which continues over a period of time (e.g., \u3044\u308b, \u307e\u3064), \u307e\u3067 is used instead
            \n  e.g., \u4e94\u6642\u307e\u3067\u306b\u6765\u307e\u3059 – I will come by 5:00
            \n  e.g., \u4e94\u6642\u307e\u3067\u5f85\u3061\u307e\u3059 – I will wait until 5:00\n<\/div>\n
            \n\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304f vs. \u304b\u306a\u3089\u305a<\/strong>
            \n\u304b\u306a\u3089\u305a – by all means, at all costs (stronger)
            \n\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304f – to the extent possible (weaker but still strong)\n<\/div>\n
            \nV (dictionary or \u306a\u3044 form) \u3088\u3046\u306b + V<\/u><\/strong> (also reference \u2015\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b)
            \nThis form is used to indicate that one intends to do action V from now on
            \n  e.g., \u306a\u308b\u3079\u304f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3067\u8a71\u3059\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 – Let’s speak Japanese as much as possible
            \n  e.g., \u79c1\u3082\u82f1\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6c17\u3092\u3064\u3051\u307e\u3059 – I’ll also try not to speak English It’s also used in commands.
            \n  e.g., \u5b50\u4f9b\u306e\u3068\u304d\u79c1\u306f\u6bcd\u306b\u3084\u3055\u3044\u3092\u98df\u3079\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3044\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f
            \n  – When I was a child, my mother told me to eat vegetables\n<\/div>\n
            \n\u3082\u3057…\u30fc\u305f\u3089
            \nUse \u3082\u3057 when it is difficult to know whether a condition will materialize or when you want to emphasize that the topic under discussion is strictly hypothetical.\n<\/div>\n
            \nN1 \u3092\/\u306f N2\/V+\u306e \u306b<\/u><\/strong>\u4f7f\u3046 (N2\/V+\u306e \u306b<\/u><\/strong> N1 \u3092\u4f7f\u3046)
            \nThis expression indicates the purpose for which a thing is used
            \n  e.g., \u4eca\u5ea6\u306e\u30dc\u30fc\u30ca\u30b9\u3092\u6d77\u5916\uff08\u304b\u3044\u304c\u3044\uff09\u65c5\u884c\u306b\u4f7f\u3046\u3093\u3067\u3059
            \n  – I’m going to use this next bonus for a trip abroad
            \n  e.g., \u4eca\u5ea6\u306e\u30dc\u30fc\u30ca\u30b9\u306f\u8eca\u3092\u8cb7\u3046\u306e\u306b\u4f7f\u3046\u3093\u3067\u3059
            \n  – I’m going to use this next bonus to buy a new car
            \n
            \nNotes<\/em>:<\/p>\n
              \n
            1. The \u306e after the verb is like that for V+\u306e \u3092\u3084\u3081\u308b; don’t confuse it with \u306e\u306b that means even though…<\/li>\n
            2. \u306b \u4f7f\u3046 is different from \u305f\u3081\u306b because it implies not only purpose but that the purpose and the thing being used to achieve that purpose occur simultaneously (\u305f\u3081\u306b could in theory be used as well but it is more natural to use \u306b\u4f7f\u3046)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
              \n\u2015\u306e\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/strong>
              \nThis form is used to express a hypothesis explaining some phenomenon when the speaker feels the hypothesis is equally likely to be true or false.
              \n  e.g., \u5c71\u7530\u3055\u3093\u306f\u3055\u304b\u306a\u3092\u98df\u3079\u307e\u305b\u3093\u306d. \u3069\u3046\u3057\u3066\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046. \u304d\u3089\u3044\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093.
              \n  – Yamada-san doesn’t eat fish. I wonder why? Maybe he hates fish.
              \n
              \nNote<\/em>: don’t use \u305f\u3076\u3093 with \u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\n<\/div>\n
              \nN \u304c<\/u><\/strong>\u3059\u308b – use this form when N is something that stimulates one of the five senses.
              \n  e.g., \u3078\u3093\u306a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u304c\u3057\u307e\u3059\u30fb\u3042\u304b\u3061\u3083\u3093\u306e\u306a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3048\u304c\u3057\u307e\u3059\n<\/div>\n
              \n V-\u305f\u307e\u307e<\/strong>
              \nThis expression indicates that someone has moved on to a subsequent action (thus, not same as \u306a\u304c\u3089) without performing some prior action that should have been carried out as a matter of course.
              \n  e.g., \u307c\u3046\u3057\u3092\u304b\u3076\u3063\u305f\u307e\u307e\u6620\u753b\u3092\u898b\u3066\u306f\u3044\u3051\u307e\u305b\u3093
              \n
              \nNote<\/em>: You don’t use a negative verb with this expression<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
              SO<\/strong><\/td>\n\u304f\u3064\u3092\u306f\u3044\u305f\u307e\u307e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u5165\u3063\u305f<\/td>\nO.K.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              BUT<\/strong><\/td>\n\u304f\u3064\u3092\u306c\u304c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u307e\u307e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u5165\u3063\u305f<\/td>\nNOT O.K.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              INSTEAD USE<\/strong><\/td>\n\u306a\u3044\u3067: \u304f\u3064\u3092\u306c\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3046\u3061\u306b\u5165\u3063\u305f<\/td>\nO.K.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
              \n \u3064\u3082\u308a vs. \u4e88\u5b9a\uff08\u3088\u3066\u3044\uff09<\/strong>
              \nCan use \u3064\u3082\u308a only for plans about yourself
              \nCan use \u3088\u3066\u3044 for yourself or others
              \nStated another way, \u3064\u3082\u308a is used for a plan formed in one’s mind while \u3088\u3066\u3044 is used in the case of a plan of an objective nature.
              \n
              \ne.g., \u660e\u65e5\u306f\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u3042\u308b\u4e88\u5b9a\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u4ed5\u4e8b\u304c\u5fd9\u3057\u3044\u306e\u3067\u79c1\u306f\u4f11\u3080\u3064\u3082\u308a\u3067\u3059
              \n
              \nNote<\/em>: also see Volitional Verb + \u3068\u601d\u3046\n<\/div>\n
              \n\u304b\u3089 vs. \u306e\u3067<\/strong>
              \nLevels of Politeness<\/em><\/p>\n
                \n
              1. -\u307e\u3059 form + \u306e\u3067<\/li>\n
              2. -\u307e\u3059 form + \u304b\u3089 OR plain form + \u306e\u3067<\/li>\n
              3. Plain form + \u304b\u3089<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Note<\/em>: while it is possible to say \u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059, there is no such expression as \u306e\u3067\u3067\u3059.\n<\/div>\n

                \n N \u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/strong>
                \nThis form describes the shape, form, or appearance of a person or thing (N is a noun denoting appearance, such as face, eyes, color, body, etc.)

                \nQuestion: (name) \u306f\u3069\u3093\u306a\u304b\u3063\u3053\u3046\u3092<\/u><\/strong>\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b
                \n– How is (name) dressed \/ What does (name) look like?
                \n
                \nN \u3092 V-\u3066\u3044\u308b \u65b9 <\/strong>\u306f ___ \u3067\u3059
                \nN \u3092 V-\u3066\u3044\u308b \u4eba<\/strong> \u306f ___ \u3067\u3059
                \nN \u3092 V-\u3066\u3044\u308b \u306e <\/strong>\u306f ___ \u3067\u3059N \u3092 V-\u305f \u65b9<\/strong> \u306f ___ \u3067\u3059
                \nN \u3092 V-\u305f \u4eba<\/strong> \u306f ___ \u3067\u3059N \u3092 V-\u3066\u3044\u308b \u65b9<\/strong> \u3067\u3059
                \nN \u3092 V-\u3066\u3044\u308b \u4eba<\/strong> \u3067\u3059
                \n
                \nNotes<\/em>:<\/p>\n
                  \n
                1. \u305f doesn’t specifically imply a past condition<\/li>\n
                2. \u306e can only be used in one form of the reply
                  \ne.g.,\u8d64(\u3042\u304b)\u3044\u307c\u3046\u3057\u3092\u304b\u3076\u3063\u3066,\u767d\u3044\u304f\u3064\u3092\u306f\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b[\u65b9|\u4eba|\u306e]\u306f\u5c71\u7530\u3055\u3093\u3067\u3059 <\/li>\n
                3. Generally speaking, if the person is the subject\/topic and you are using a -\u3066\u3044\u308b form of verb you can replace a noun denoting a person or persons with the particle \u306e; otherwise you cannot.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                  \nV-\u305f \u3053\u3068 \u304c<\/u><\/strong> \u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059
                  \nBUT
                  \nV-\u305f \u3053\u3068 \u306f<\/u><\/strong> \u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093
                  \n
                  \nNotes<\/em>:<\/p>\n
                    \n
                  1. that you cannot use this form with words indicating some particular point in the past, such as \u6628\u65e5 or\u53bb\u5e74<\/li>\n
                  2. Generally, (not always but often) the negative answer to a question adds the particle \u306f.
                    \ne.g., \uff30\u306b<\/strong>\u306a\u306b\u304b\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002 ⇒ \u3044\u3044\u3048\u3001\uff30\u306b\u306f<\/u><\/strong>\u306a\u306b\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093
                    \ne.g., \uff30\u306b\u3060\u308c\u304b\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002 ⇒ \u3044\u3044\u3048\u3001\uff30\u306b\u306f<\/u><\/strong>\u3060\u308c\u306b\u3082\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093
                    \ne.g., \u79c1\u306f\u30d4\u30a2\u30ce\u304c\u3072\u3051\u307e\u3059\u304c\uff0c\u30d4\u30a2\u30cb\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306f<\/u><\/strong>\u3072\u3051\u307e\u305b\u3093
                    \ne.g., \u571f\u66dc\u65e5\u306b\u5b66\u6821\u3078\u6765\u3088\u3046\u3068\u306f<\/u><\/strong>\u601d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093
                    \ne.g., \u4e8c\u6642\u306b\u3053\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059 ⇒ \u4e8c\u6642\u306b\u306f<\/u><\/strong>\u3053\u3089\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093 <\/li>\n
                  3. Likewise, \u304c in positive statements often changes to \u306f in negative ones
                    \ne.g., \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b ⇒ \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306f\u3067\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093
                    \ne.g., \u3059\u3057\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059 ⇒ \u3059\u3057\u306f\u597d\u304d\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093
                    \ne.g., \uff2e\u304c\u307b\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059 ⇒ \uff2e\u306f\u307b\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059
                    \ne.g., \uff2e\u304c\uff36\uff0d\u305f\u3044\u3067\u3059 ⇒ \uff2e\u306f\uff36\uff0d\u305f\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                    \n \u3092 vs. \u304c in \u305f\u3044\/\u307b\u3057 sentences<\/strong>
                    \nThe particle \u3092 which follows the object of a transitive verb is changed to \u304c in an affirmative sentence and, generally, to \u306f in a negative sentence.However, when \u3092 refers to something other than the object of a transitive verb (e.g., when an intransitive verb is used) it does not change when the sentence is affirmative:
                    \n  e.g., \u3046\u3061\u3092\u51fa\u308b ⇒ \u3046\u3061\u3092\u3067\u305f\u3044\u3067\u3059
                    \n
                    \nNote<\/em>: although particles other than \u3092 don’t change in an affirmative sentence, if the sentence is negative, \u306f follows the relevant particle. Also note that \u3092 doesn’t change to \u304c in affirmative sentences referring to third person’s desires.
                    \n  e.g., \uff2e\u3092\u307b\u3057\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059 ⇒ \uff2e\u306f\u307b\u3057\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093
                    \n  e.g., \uff2e\u3092\uff36\uff0d\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059 ⇒ \uff2e\u306f\uff36\uff0d\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093
                    \n
                    \nIt also doesn’t change when the \u3092 involved is used to indicate passage along, across or through P
                    \n  e.g., \u305d\u3089\u3092\u3068\u3076 ⇒ \u305d\u3089\u3092\u3068\u3073\u305f\u3044 \/ \u305d\u3089\u3092\u3068\u3079\u308b\n<\/div>\n
                    \nP \u3078\u884c\u304f \/ \u6765\u308b \/ \u5e30\u308b \u3068\u304d… vs. \u3078\u884c\u3063\u305f \/ \u6765\u305f \/ \u5e30\u3063\u305f \u3068\u304d…<\/strong>
                    \nThe key difference here is whether whatever happens in the … occurs before (or on the way) or after arriving at place P. If before or during transit, use the plain form (regardless of the tense in the … statement). If the action occurs after arriving, use the \u305f form (again, regardless of the tense in the … statement).
                    \n  e.g., \u307e\u305f\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u6765\u305f\u3068\u304d\u79c1\u306e\u4f1a\u793e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044
                    \n  – When you come to Japan again (lit. after you have arrived), please drop by my office\n<\/div>\n
                    \n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \u3092 + Verb (dictionary form)<\/td>\n\u304c + V-\u3066\u3044\u308b (intransitive verbs)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    BUT<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u304c + \u3066 + \u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059<\/td>\n\u304c\/\u306f + V-\u3066\u3042\u308b (transitive verbs)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    e.g., \u6bcd\u306f\u90e8\u5c4b(\u3078\u3084)\u306b\u30c6\u30fc\u30d6\u30eb\u3092\u304a\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f – My mother put a table in the room
                    \ne.g., \u90e8\u5c4b\u306b\u82b1\u304c\u304b\u3056\u3063\u3066\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059 – Flowers have been put in the room for decoration
                    \n
                    \nNotes<\/em>:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. How to treat a permanent part of the room:
                      e.g., \u90e8\u5c4b\u306e\u3067\u3093\u304d\u304c\u3051\u3057\u3066\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059 – The light in the room is off<\/li>\n
                    2. If you can see it, use \u304c; if not, use \u306f
                      e.g., \u660e\u65e5\u306e\u65c5\u884c(\u308a\u3087\u3053\u3046)\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u304d\u3063\u3077\u306f\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                      \n\u3066-\u304a\u304f and \u3066-\u3042\u308b<\/strong>
                      \nIf the focus is on a person & his\/her actions, use \u3066 + \u304a\u304f
                      \n  e.g., Did YOU order the food for the party?
                      \n
                      \nIf the focus is on a thing (even if directly related to a person’s action), use \u3066 + \u3042\u308b
                      \n  e.g., Is the food for the party ready?
                      \n
                      \nNote<\/em>: you can’t use \u304a\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093 for a negative answer!
                      \nQ: ___ \u306f N \u3092 V-\u3066 \u304a\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b
                      \nA: \u306f\u3044, N \u3092 V-\u3066 \u304a\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f
                      \nA: \u3044\u3044\u3048, N \u306f V-\u3066 \u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\n<\/div>\n
                      \nUse \u305f\u3081\u306b<\/u><\/strong> with affirmative dictionary form of verb
                      \nBUT<\/strong>
                      \nUse \u3088\u3046\u306b<\/u><\/strong> with negative dictionary form of verbUse \u305f\u3081\u306e<\/u><\/strong> before a noun
                      \n
                      \ne.g., \u3053\u308c\u306f\u3053\u3044\u4eba\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u3046\u305f\u3067\u3059
                      \n
                      \nBUT<\/strong>
                      \nUse \u305f\u3081\u306b<\/u><\/strong> before a verb
                      \n
                      \ne.g., \u3053\u308c\u306f\u3053\u3044\u4eba\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f5c\u3063\u305f\u3046\u305f\u3067\u3059
                      \n
                      \nNote<\/em>: Using \u305f\u3081\u306b before a verb applies even if the verb is part of a phrase that begins with a noun
                      \n  e.g., \u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b<\/strong>\u5b66\u6821\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\n<\/div>\n
                      \nGift Giving Pattern<\/strong>
                      \n X <\/u> \u306e [e.g., \u304a\u3044\u308f\u3044 | \u304a\u308c\u3044 | \u304a\u307f\u3084\u3052 | \u3072\u304d\u3067\u3082\u306e | \u305f\u3093\u3058\u3087\u3046\u3073] \u306b<\/u><\/strong> [N \u3092] V [e.g., \u3042\u3052\u308b\uff5c\u3082\u3089\u3046\uff5c\u304f\u308c\u308b]\n<\/div>\n
                      \nGiving and Receiving<\/strong>
                      \nPerson \/ \u79c1<\/u> \u306f Person<\/u> \u306b<\/strong> N \u3092<\/strong> V-\u3066 + [\u3082\u3089\u3046\u30fb\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304f]
                      \nor<\/em>
                      \nPerson \/ \u79c1<\/u> \u306f Person<\/u> \u306b<\/strong> N \u3092<\/strong> V-\u3066 + [\u3055\u3057\u3042\u3052\u308b\u30fb\u3042\u3052\u308b\u30fb\u3084\u308b]
                      \nor<\/em>
                      \nPerson<\/u> \u306f \u79c1<\/u> \/ \u3042\u306a\u305f \/ \u307f\u3046\u3061<\/u> \u306b<\/strong> N \u3092<\/strong> V-\u3066 + [\u304f\u3060\u3055\u308b\u30fb\u304f\u308c\u308b]  
                      \n
                      \nBUT<\/strong>
                      \n
                      \nPerson\/\u79c1<\/u> \u306f Person<\/u> \u306e<\/strong> N \u3092<\/strong> V-\u3066 + [\u3055\u3057\u3042\u3052\u308b\u30fb\u3042\u3052\u308b\u30fb\u3084\u308b]
                      \nor<\/em>
                      \nPerson<\/u> \u306f \u79c1<\/u> \/ \u3042\u306a\u305f \/ \u307f\u3046\u3061<\/u> \u306e<\/strong> N \u3092<\/strong> V-\u3066 + [\u304f\u3060\u3055\u308b\u30fb\u304f\u308c\u308b]  
                      \n
                      \nNotice how the order or people involved (giver and receiver) changes the particle needed
                      \nB\u3055\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e<\/u><\/strong>\u30b9\u30fc\u30c4\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u3092\u306f\u3053\u3093\u3067[\u304f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\/\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f]
                      \nor<\/em>
                      \nB\u3055\u3093\u306fA\u3055\u3093\u306e<\/u><\/strong>\u30b9\u30fc\u30c4\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u3092\u306f\u3053\u3093\u3067[\u3042\u3052\u307e\u3057\u305f\/\u3055\u3057\u3042\u3052\u307e\u3057\u305f]
                      \nor<\/em>
                      \nA\u3055\u3093\u306fB\u3055\u3093\u306b<\/u><\/strong>\u30b9\u30fc\u30c4\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u3092\u306f\u3053\u3093\u3067[\u3082\u3089\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\/\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f] 
                      \n
                      \nBUT NOT<\/strong>
                      \n
                      \nB\u3055\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306b\u30b9\u30fc\u30c4\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u3092\u306f\u3053\u3093\u3067[\u304f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\/\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f]\n

                      \n& NOT<\/strong>
                      \n
                      \nB\u3055\u3093\u306fA\u3055\u3093\u306b\u30b9\u30fc\u30c4\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u3092\u306f\u3053\u3093\u3067[\u3042\u3052\u307e\u3057\u305f\/\u3055\u3057\u3042\u3052\u307e\u3057\u305f]  
                      \n
                      \nALSO<\/strong>
                      \n
                      \nPerson \/ \u79c1<\/u> \u306f Person<\/u> \u3092<\/strong> V-\u3066 + [\u3055\u3057\u3042\u3052\u308b\u30fb\u3042\u3052\u308b\u30fb\u3084\u308b]
                      \nor<\/em>
                      \nPerson<\/u> \u306f \u79c1<\/u> \u3092<\/strong> V-\u3066 + [\u304f\u308c\u308b\u30fb\u304f\u3060\u3055\u308b] 
                      \n
                      \nNote<\/em>: the absence of a noun before the verb changes the particle needed (this pattern is used when doing something for someone not when giving SOMETHING to someone)\n<\/div>\n
                      \nPerson \u304c<\/u><\/strong> \u300c\u3002\u3002\u3002\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092<\/u><\/strong> [e.g., \u304d\u304f\u30fb\u3088\u3080\u30fb\u307f\u308b\u30fb\u3057\u308b]\nNoun \u306f\/\u304c<\/u><\/strong> \u300c\u3002\u3002\u3002\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092<\/u><\/strong> [e.g., \u304d\u304f\u30fb\u3088\u3080\u30fb\u307f\u308b\u30fb\u3057\u308b]  
                      \n
                      \nNotes<\/em>:<\/p>\n
                        \n
                      1. If the object of something you hear (learned, read, etc.) is a person you must use the particle \u304c<\/li>\n
                      2. This pattern holds also for the \u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b grammar form
                        \nPerson \u304c<\/u><\/strong> \u300c…\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u300d\u308f\u304b\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093 [e.g., \u5c71\u7530\u3055\u3093\u304c\u6765\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044]
                        \nNoun \u306f<\/u><\/strong> \u300c…\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u300d\u308f\u304b\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093 [e.g., \u30e9\u30fc\u30e1\u30f3\u306f\u304a\u3044\u3057\u3044\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                        \nX<\/u> \u3092<\/strong>N\u3068\u3044\u3046
                        \nThis expression indicates what the thing or person described in X<\/u> is called.
                        \n  e.g., \u5916\u56fd\u304b\u3089\u52c9\u5f37\u306b\u6765\u305f\u5b66\u751f\u3092\u308a\u3085\u3046\u304c\u304f\u305b\u3044\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3059\n<\/div>\n
                        \nQ.W.\uff3f\u304b\uff3f vs. \uff3f\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\uff3f <\/strong>
                        \nIf a question word (Q.W.) is present you use only \u304b, otherwise use \u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b.
                        \n
                        \nNote<\/em>: a plain form precedes \u304b and if it is a noun or A2 adjective \u3060 is omitted.\n<\/div>\n
                        \nPassive <\/strong>
                        \nType 1 Verbs<\/strong>: \u2013\u306a\u3044 root + \u308c\u308b
                        \nType 2 Verbs<\/strong>: \u2013\u306a\u3044 stem +\u3089\u308c\u308b
                        \nType 3 Verbs<\/strong>: \u3055\u308c\u308b\/\u3053\u3089\u308c\u308b)
                        \n
                        \nNote<\/em>: While it is logical to use the passive voice in the same way as in English, it can also be used to indicate a feeling of annoyance or inconvenience about damage done to one’s possession or damage caused by another person’s action (or a thing’s reaction):
                        \n  e.g., \u90e8\u9577\u306f\u3072\u3057\u3087\u306b\u4f11\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3053\u307e\u308a\u307e\u3059
                        \n  e.g., \u72ac\u306b\u3057\u306a\u308c\u3066\u304b\u306a\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059
                        \n  e.g., \u6628\u65e5\u53cb\u9054\u306b\u6765\u3089\u308c\u3066\u52c9\u5f37\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f
                        \n  e.g., \u96e8\u306b\u964d\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\n<\/div>\n
                        \n\u305d\u3046 \/ \u306e\u3088\u3046<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        Type<\/td>\nFormation<\/td>\nExample<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        A1<\/td>\nroot + \u305d\u3046<\/td>\n\u304a\u3044\u3057\u305d\u3046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        A1<\/td>\nroot + \u304f\u306a\u3055\u305d\u3046<\/td>\n\u304a\u3044\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3055\u305d\u3046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        A2<\/td>\nroot + \u305d\u3046<\/td>\n\u304d\u308c\u3044\u305d\u3046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        A2<\/td>\nroot + \u3067\u306f\u306a\u3055\u305d\u3046<\/td>\n\u304d\u308c\u3044\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3055\u305d\u3046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        N<\/td>\n+ \u306e\u3088\u3046<\/td>\n\u5148\u751f\u306e\u3088\u3046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        N<\/td>\n+ \u3067\u306f\u306a\u3055\u305d\u3046<\/td>\n\u5148\u751f\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3055\u305d\u3046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        V<\/td>\n(\u307e\u3059 form minus the \u307e\u3059) + \u305d\u3046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        V<\/td>\n(\u307e\u3059 form minus the \u307e\u3059) + \u305d\u3046\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        V-\u305f\u3044<\/td>\n\u305f\u305d\u3046 \/ \u305f\u305d\u3046\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093 \/ \u305f\u304f\u306a\u3055\u305d\u3046
                        -\u305f\u3044 acts like A1 adjective
                        Special Case: \u3044\u3044 \u21d2 \u3088\u3055\u305d\u3046 \/ \u3088\u304f\u306a\u3055\u305d\u3046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        Note<\/em>: \u305d\u3046 & \u306e\u3088\u3046 act as \u306a-adj. Thus, \u305d\u3046\u3060\u304b\u3089 or \u305d\u3046\u306a\u306e\u3067 or \u305d\u3046\u306aN or \u305d\u3046\u306b…\n<\/div>\n

                        \nX<\/u> \u305f\u307e\u3089\u306a\u3044
                        \nWhere X<\/u> is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        Type<\/td>\nFormation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        A1<\/td>\nroot + \u304f\u3066<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        A2<\/td>\nroot + \u3067<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        V<\/td>\n-\u3066 form<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        N<\/td>\n+ \u3067<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        Note<\/em>: verbs are not generally used with \u305f\u307e\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093 (with some exceptions for feeling verbs like \u306e\u3069\u304c\u304b\u308f\u3044\u3066\u30fb\u304a\u306a\u304b\u304c\u3059\u3044\u3066\u30fb\u3064\u304b\u308c\u3066)\n<\/div>\n

                        \n\uff3f\u3068\uff3f vs. \uff3f-\u305f\u3089\uff3f<\/strong>
                        \nYou can think of \u3068 as a subset of \u305f\u3089. Thus, wherever you would use \u3068 you could in theory also use \u305f\u3089 (but might not sound natural). Basically, use \u3068 when a foregoing circumstance automatically results in the following consequence (thus you cannot use this form with an order, wish, request, invitation, command, etc.). \u3068 usually<\/em> indicates a habitual or repeated situation and a plain form is used before \u3068 while the ending result statement is in the present tense. [Note<\/em>: this last sentence is true for basic grammar but exceptions apply for more advanced grammar]  
                        \n
                        \nNote<\/em>: \uff3f\u3066\u3082\uff3f is basically the opposite of \uff3f\u3068\uff3f (see below for \u306e\u306b vs. \u3066\u3082)
                        \n  e.g., \u3064\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082<\/u><\/strong>\u304a\u98a8\u5442\uff08\u3075\u308d\uff09\u306b\u5165\u3063\u3066\u3088\u304f\u306d\u308b\u3068<\/u><\/strong>\u5143\u6c17\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059
                        \n  – Even though I am tired, if I take a bath and have a good sleep, I feel better.\n<\/div>\n
                        \n\u306e\u306b vs. \u3067\u3082 (\u304f\u3066\u3082)<\/strong>
                        \n\u306e\u306b is basically \u3067\u3082 + something strange, unexpected (contrary to what would normally happen), or unsatisfactory. You can use this form even if you provide the reason that explains why the result was strange or unexpected.\n<\/div>\n
                        \n\u3042\u307e\u308a…\u3068<\/strong>
                        \nIn this case \u3042\u307e\u308a is like \u2015\u3059\u304e\u308b
                        \n  e.g., \u3042\u307e\u308a\u98f2\u3080\u3068\u75c5\uff08\u3073\u3087\u3046\uff09\u6c17\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059 – If I drink too much I get sick\n<\/div>\n
                        \nN \u3067\u4f5c\u308b vs. N \u304b\u3089\u4f5c\u308b<\/strong>
                        \nUse \u3067 to indicate what something is made from\/with.Use \u304b\u3089 to imply that the ingredients or materials undergo a change of form (though note that in actual use, many Japanese prefer to use \u3067 to \u304b\u3089 even if the ingredients or materials undergo a change).
                        \n  e.g., \u3053\u306e\u9152\u306f\u3053\u3081\u304b\u3089\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3059 \/ \u3053\u306e\u4eba\u5f62\u306f\u305f\u3051\u3067\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3059 (\u305f\u3051 = bamboo)\n<\/div>\n
                        \nN1 \u306f (\u307e\u308b\u3067<\/u><\/strong>) N2 \u306e\u3088\u3046\u3067\u3059
                        \n\u307e\u308b\u3067, which is used to stress the similarity of N1 and N2, can only be used in an affirmative form using \u3088\u3046\u3067\u3059 (i.e., can’t use with \u306e\u3088\u3046\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093)
                        \n
                        \nNote<\/em>: statement about using with affirmative form only applies to basic level grammar…\n<\/div>\n
                        \nN1 \u306f N2 \u3068\u3061\u304c\u3063\u3066<\/u>\uff3f<\/strong>
                        \nThis expression indicates that N1 and N2 are different.If the difference is one of quantity instead, use \u3088\u308a\/\u307b\u3069.\n<\/div>\n
                        \n V (dictionary form or plain past form) + \u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u308b vs. V\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b<\/strong>
                        \nUse \u306b\u3059\u308b to indicate a decision made at one’s own will
                        \nUse \u306b\u306a\u308b to indicate a decision or change of circumstances that is generated in the course of one’s dealings with others.\n<\/div>\n
                        \nV<\/strong> (present \u2015\u307e\u3059 form)-\u306a\u304a\u3059<\/strong>
                        \nThis form indicates that one checks the results of one’s actions or corrects what has turned out to be imperfect. It is also used when one challenges again something which has proven difficult to understand.
                        \n
                        \nNote<\/em>: when using this form to indicate repeating an action you can only use it to repeat the same process (e.g., if you get a bad meal, you can’t say \u6301\u3063\u3066\u6765\u306a\u304a\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044). Also, note that if coffee is cold, you don’t say \u3042\u305f\u305f\u3081\u306a\u304a\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044 but rather \u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3092\u5165\u308c\u306a\u304a\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044.\n<\/div>\n
                        \n(Num) \u3082<\/strong>
                        \nThis expression indicates that the speaker feels that a number is large (see also \u3057\u304b).\n<\/div>\n
                        \nVolitional Verb + \u3068\u601d\u3046\/\u601d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059 | Volitional Verb + \u3068\u306f\u601d\u308f\u306a\u3044\/\u601d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/strong>
                        \nThis form expresses what the speaker wishes, decides or plans to do.It is not quite as certain or strong as \u3064\u3082\u308a\u3067\u3059. Use\u601d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059 when the intention has been maintained over a period of time, \u601d\u3046 otherwise.
                        \n
                        \nNote<\/em>: \u601d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059 can be used to give more strength to your expression and in such a case the above statement is not necessarily true. Also note that this explanation only applies to the form of \u601d\u3046 used for discussing plans, not the form used for discussing an opinion.<\/em>\n<\/div>\n
                        \nN1 \u306e\u304b\u308f\u308a\u306b N2 | V1 \u304b\u308f\u308a\u306b V2<\/strong>
                        \nThis expression indicates that one thing or action (N1\/V1) is substituted for another (N2\/V2).
                        \n  e.g., \u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u304c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u306e\u304b\u308f\u308a\u306b\u3053\u3046\u8336\u3092\u98f2\u3093\u3060
                        \n  e.g., \u65e9\u304f\u8a71\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3066\u304c\u307f\u3092\u66f8\u304f\u304b\u308f\u308a\u306b\u96fb\u8a71\u3092\u3057\u305f
                        \n
                        \nNote<\/em>: \u304b\u308f\u308a acts as a noun (thus \u304b\u308f\u308a\u306e\u4eba etc. is possible)\n<\/div>\n
                        \nV (dictionary form) \u306b\u306f<\/u> (Q.W. \u2013\u305f\u3089\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b)<\/strong>
                        \nThis is used to ask how to do something
                        \n  e.g., \u5b89\u3044\u8f9e\u66f8\u3092\u8cb7\u3046\u306b\u306f\u3069\u3053\u3067\u8cb7\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b
                        \n
                        \nNotes<\/em>:<\/p>\n