{"id":701,"date":"2016-05-03T05:09:18","date_gmt":"2016-05-03T09:09:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.yookoso.com\/?page_id=701"},"modified":"2016-10-12T04:40:40","modified_gmt":"2016-10-12T08:40:40","slug":"an-integrated-approach-to-intermediate-japanese-part-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.yookoso.com\/notes\/an-integrated-approach-to-intermediate-japanese-part-2\/","title":{"rendered":"An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese \u2013 Chapters 9-15"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese — Chapters 9-15<\/h2>\n

These notes are mostly a reproduction of the \u6587\u6cd5\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8 sections of the chapters in the textbook, An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese<\/em> by Akira Miura & Naomi Hanaoka McGloin.\n<\/div>\n

\n

Chapter 9 \u6587\u6cd5\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. X\u3088\u308a\u4ed5\u65b9(<\/rp>\u3057\u304b\u305f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u306a\u3044 = ‘to have no choice but to ~’
    \nThis expression means that X is not what one normally wants to do but one has no choice but to do it.<\/p>\n
      \n
    • \u304a\u91d1\u304c\u306a\u3044\u6642\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\u30d0\u30a4\u30c8\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3088\u308a\u4ed5\u65b9\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002
      \nWhen you have no money, you don’t have any choice but to work part-time.<\/li>\n
    • \u8eca\u304c\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6b69\u3044\u3066\u884c\u304f\u3088\u308a\u4ed5\u65b9\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002
      \nSince I don’t have a car, I have no alternative but to go on foot.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
    • V\u308c\u308b\/\u3089\u308c\u308b
      \nThe V\u308c\u308b\/\u3089\u308c\u308b form, which is homophonous to the passive form, may be used as \u5c0a\u656c\u8a9e(<\/rp>\u305d\u3093\u3051\u3044\u3054<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby> (honorific form), as in the following examples.<\/p>\n
        \n
      • \u5148\u751f\u3001\u672c\u3092\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3044\u3064\u3054\u51fa\u7248(<\/rp>\u3057\u3085\u3063\u3071\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306e\u4e88\u5b9a(<\/rp>\u3088\u3066\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002
        \nProfessor, I hear you have written a book. When is it scheduled to be published?<\/li>\n
      • \u5148\u751f\u304c\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3078\u6765\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3053\u308d\u306f\u3001\u4eca\u3068\u305a\u3044\u3076\u3093\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3093\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u306d\u3002
        \n{Talking to a professor} When you came to America, things were very different from what they are now, weren’t they?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        This form is not as polite as regular honorific forms such as \u304a\uff5e\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3001\u3044\u3089\u3063\u3057\u3083\u308b, etc., but it is widely used especially in men’s speech, newspapers, and other formal writings. There is no \uff5e\u308c\u308b\/\u3089\u308c\u308b forms for verbs such as \u5206\u304b\u308b and \u3067\u304d\u308b.\n<\/li>\n

      • \u305b\u3081\u3066\uff08\uff5e\u3070\uff09= ‘at least’\n
          \n
        • \u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u7fd2\u3044\u305f\u3044\u304c\u3001\u6642\u9593\u304c\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3001\u305b\u3081\u3066\u6559\u80b2\u6f22\u5b57(<\/rp>\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3044\u304f\u304b\u3093\u3058<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u8aad\u307f\u66f8\u304d\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u305f\u3044\u3002
          \nI want to learn lots of kanji, but I don’t have much time. I would like to be able to read and write at least Kyoiku Kanji, though.<\/li>\n
        • \u305b\u3081\u3066\u4e00\u5ea6\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u3063\u3066\u307f\u305f\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3046\u4eba\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002
          \nThere must be lots of people who would like to visit Japan at least once.<\/li>\n
        • \u6bce\u6669\u305b\u3081\u3066\u4e00\u6642\u9593\u3050\u3089\u3044\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3044\u305f\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3002
          \nI would like [them] to spend at least one hour every night studying Japanese.<\/li>\n
        • \u592b(<\/rp>\u304a\u3063\u3068<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306b\u305b\u3081\u3066\u304a\u76bf\u8352(<\/rp>\u3056\u3089\u3042\u3089<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u3050\u3089\u3044\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3044\u305f\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3046\u4e3b\u5a66(<\/rp>\u3057\u3085\u3075<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u591a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002
          \nThere must be many wives who want their husbands to wash dishes, at least.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          This expression is used only when there is an implication that more of something is desirable. The use of \u304f\u3089\u3044\/\u3050\u3089\u3044 makes the statement less specific in the sense that the speaker gives an item or number just as an example.\n<\/li>\n

        • X \u3088\u3046\u306bY = ‘Do Y so that X’; ‘Do Y in such a way that X happens’
          \nIn this construction, X often contains a potential verb, negative form or stative verb, which normally can’t be controlled by one’s will. Although X can be any plain non-past verb, it is most commonly used with potential verb forms.<\/p>\n
            \n
          • \u79c1\u304c\u8aad\u3081\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u5b57\u3092\u304d\u308c\u3044\u306b\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u4e0b\u3055\u3044\u3002
            \nSo that I can read it, please write characters neatly.<\/li>\n
          • \u307f\u3093\u306a\u304c\u697d(<\/rp>\u305f\u306e<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u3081\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u30c1\u30e7\u30b3\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u3092\u3042\u3051\u305f\u3002
            \nI gave [them] chocolate so that they can all enjoy it.<\/li>\n
          • \u5fd8\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u304a\u3044\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002
            \nPlease write it down so that you won’t forget.<\/li>\n
          • \u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u3051\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u304a\u91d1\u3092\u305f\u3081\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
            \nI am saving money so that I can go to Japan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
          • \uff5e\u304f\uff0f\uff5e\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\uff08\u306a\u30fc\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e(<\/rp>\u3051\u3044\u3088\u3046\u3057<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\uff0f\u3044\u30fc\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u304c adverbial form \u306b\u306a\u308b\uff09= ‘seems…; appears…’\n
              \n
            • \u5c71\u7530\u3055\u3093\u306f\uff17\uff10\u624d\u306a\u306e\u306b\u82e5\u304f\u898b\u3048\u307e\u3059\u306d\u3002
              \nEven though Mrs. Yamada is 70 years old, she looks young.<\/li>\n
            • \u65e5\u672c\u306e\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684(<\/rp>\u3067\u3093\u3068\u3046\u3066\u304d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306a\u6587\u5316\u3092\u77e5\u3089\u306a\u3044\u5916\u56fd\u306e\u89b3\u5149\u5ba2(<\/rp>\u304b\u3093\u3053\u3046\u304d\u3083\u304f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306b\u306f\u3055\u3080\u3089\u3044\u304c\u7121\u6c17\u5473(<\/rp>\u3076\u304d\u307f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306b\u307f\u3048\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002
              \nFor foreign tourists that don’t know about traditional Japanese culture, samurai must seem strange.<\/li>\n
            • \u3044\u3064\u3082\u5143\u6c17\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u3002
              \n[He] always seems to be in good health.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\u898b\u3048\u308b\uff1f\u3000\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff1f<\/u>
              \nWith\u898b\u3048\u308b someone or something is passively\/spontaneously visible<\/strong> regardless of the volition of the speaker. Thus, it is different from the regular potential form of \u898b\u308b (which is \u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b). \u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b indicates that the speaker CAN see actively<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \u305d\u3053\u304b\u3089\u9ed2\u677f(<\/rp>\u3053\u304f\u3070\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u898b\u3048\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002
                \nCan you see the blackboard from over there (can it be seen over there)?<\/li>\n
              • \u3069\u3053\u3067\u305d\u306e\u6620\u753b\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002
                \nWhere are you able to see that movie?<\/li>\n
              • \u53cb\u9054\u306f\u76ee\u304c\u898b\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3002
                \nMy friend is blind.<\/li>\n
              • \u30c6\u30ec\u30d3\u3092\u8cb7\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30d5\u30c8\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002
                \nBecause I bought a TV, I am [now] able to watch American football.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              • \u3053\u305d
                \n\u3053\u305d is a particle which emphasizes a word, phrase, or clause. \u3053\u305dgenerally replaces \u304c\uff0f\u3092\uff0f\u3082\uff0f\u306f, but is attached to other particles, as in \uff5e\u3078\u3053\u305d\u3001\uff5e\u3067\u3053\u305d, etc.
                \n\u540d\u8a5e+ (\u52a9\u8a5e) + \u3053\u305d\uff1ain particular<\/p>\n
                  \n
                • A: \u3069\u3046\u3082\u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                  \nI’m sorry.<\/li>\n
                • B: \u3044\u3044\u3048\u3001\u3053\u3061\u3089\u3053\u305d\u3002
                  \nNo, it’s ME who should say sorry.<\/li>\n
                • \u6765\u5e74\u3053\u305d\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002
                  \nI will go to Japan next year definitely.<\/li>\n
                • \u30c8\u30f3\u30ac\u3053\u305d\u884c\u304f\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3088\u3002
                  \nTonga is the place you shouldn’t miss.<\/li>\n
                • \u5f7c\u3053\u305d\u79c1\u9054(<\/rp>\u308f\u305f\u3057\u305f\u3061<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u3055\u304c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u6c34\u85e4\u661f\u4eba\u3060\u3002
                  \nHe is the very \u6c34\u85e4\u661f\u4ebawe have been looking for.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \n\u52d5\u8a5e (te-form)\uff0b\u3053\u305d\uff1a only if\/when<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \u307f\u3093\u306a\u3067\u52a9\u3051\u5408\u3063\u3066\u3053\u305d\u3001\u3044\u3044\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
                    \nOnly if (when) everyone helps each other will a good project be possible.<\/li>\n
                  • \u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3053\u305d\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u4e0a\u624b\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3093\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002
                    \nOnly if\/when you go to will you become good at Japanese.<\/li>\n
                  • \u3072\u3068\u308a\u3067\u3084\u3063\u3066\u3053\u305d\u52c9\u5f37\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3093\u3060\u3002
                    \nYou can learn something only when you do it by yourself.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Cause\/reason clause\uff0b\u3053\u305d\uff1a It is precisely because<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • \u4e0b\u624b\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3053\u305d\u3001\u3082\u3063\u3068\u7df4\u7fd2(<\/rp>\u308c\u3093\u3057\u3085\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3002
                      \nIt is precisely because [I’m] good that I need to practice more.<\/li>\n
                    • \u3042\u306e\u5b50\u3053\u305d\u3082\u3082\u3061\u3083\u3093\u3060\u3002<\/li>\n
                    • \u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u3053\u305d\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u4eba\u3088\u308a\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3093\u3060\u3002
                      \nIt is precisely because I can’t do it that I have to study more than other people.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                    • X \u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3082Y = ‘It is true that X, but Y; Although I said X, Y’
                      \nA phrase that is used to clarify a statement in the preceding discourse which might be misleading. \u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3082 follows plain forms, but a copula \u3060 is generally omitted. In this expression, Y is given to qualify X. <\/p>\n

                      \u540d\u8a5e\uff0f\u306a\u30fc\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff0b\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3082<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • \u79c1\u306e\u30a2\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u306f\u8fd1\u304f\u3066\u4fbf\u5229\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4fbf\u5229\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u30d0\u30b9\u3067\uff12\uff10\u5206\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3051\u3069\u306d\u3002
                        \nMy apartment is close and convenient. Although it’s convenient, it still takes as much as 20 minutes by bus.<\/li>\n
                      • A: \u3046\u305f\u3060\u3072\u304b\u308b\u304c\u89aa\u621a(<\/rp>\u3057\u3093\u305b\u304d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\uff1f
                        \nHikaru Utada is your relative?<\/li>\n
                      • : \u3046\u3093\u3001\u3067\u3082\u89aa\u621a\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u9060(<\/rp>\u3068\u304a<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u89aa\u621a\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3002
                        \nYes, she is a relative, but she is a distant relative.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Plain forms of (\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3001copula) \u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3082<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \u30dd\u30f3\u30b3\u30c4\u8eca\u3092\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u8eca\u306b\u4ea4\u63db(<\/rp>\u3053\u3046\u304b\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u305f\u3088\u3002\u4ea4\u63db\u3057\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\uff11\u4e07\u30c9\u30eb\u3082\u6255\u3063\u305f\u3051\u3069\u306d\u3002
                          \nI traded my used car for a new one. Although I said I traded it, I did pay $10,000.<\/li>\n
                        • \u30d6\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u306f\u82e5\u3044\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002\u82e5\u3044\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\uff15\uff10\u4ee3\u3067\u3059\u3051\u3069\u306d\u3002
                          \nBush is young, isn’t he? It is true that he is young, but he is 50 years old.<\/li>\n
                        • \u5bd2\u3044\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u6e56(<\/rp>\u307f\u305a\u3046\u307f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u51cd(<\/rp>\u3053\u304a<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                          \nAlthough I said it’s cold, the lakes never freeze.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                        • \u305f\u3060\uff5e\u3060\u3051\uff0f\u3057\u304b = An adverb which emphasizes<\/strong> the idea of “just, only.”
                          \n\u305f\u3060\uff0b\u540d\u8a5e\uff0b \u3060\u3051\uff08\u3057\u304b\uff09<\/p>\n
                            \n
                          • \u305f\u3060\u5358\u8a9e(<\/rp>\u305f\u3093\u3054<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3060\u3051\u899a\u3048\u3066\u3082\u3001\u5916\u56fd\u8a9e\u306f\u4e0a\u624b\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                            \nIf you only learn vocabulary, you won’t become good at a foreign language.<\/li>\n
                          • \u305f\u3060\u304a\u91d1\u306e\u4e8b\u3057\u304b\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u306f\u56f0\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002
                            \n[People] who think only of money are annoying.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            \u305f\u3060\uff0bverb\uff0b\u3060\u3051\uff08\u3057\u304b\uff09<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • \u5f7c\u3068\u306f\u305f\u3060\u4e00\u7dd2\u306b\u6559\u4f1a(<\/rp>\u304d\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3078\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3059\u3002\u604b\u4eba\u3068\u3044\u3046\u308f\u3051\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3088\u3002
                              \nI only went with him to church. That doesn’t mean that he’s my boyfriend.<\/li>\n
                            • \u5225\u306b\u5927\u3057\u305f\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3093\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u805e\u3044\u3066\u307f\u305f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3059\u3002
                              \nIt isn’t a particularly important thing. I only want to try to hear it a little.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                            • \u3069\u3093\u306a\uff0b\u3000\u540d\u8a5e\u3000\uff0b\uff08\u52a9\u8a5e\uff09\uff0b\u3067\u3082 = ‘no matter what (who, where) it may be’
                              \n\u3069\u3093\u306a\u4eba\uff08\u5b66\u751f\uff0f\u5973\u6027\uff0f\u7537\u6027\uff0f\u5b50\u4f9b\uff09\u3067\u3082
                              \n\u3069\u3093\u306a\u3053\u3068\uff08\u3082\u306e\uff09\u3067\u3082
                              \n\u3069\u3093\u306a\u6240\uff08\u5834\u6240\u3001\u753a\uff09\u3067\u3082
                              \n\u3069\u3093\u306a\u65e5\u3067\u3082<\/p>\n
                                \n
                              • \u3069\u3093\u306a\u6240\u3067\u3082\u3001\u4f4f\u3081\u3070\u90fd(<\/rp>\u307f\u3084\u3053<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3060\u3002
                                \nNo matter where it may be, there is no place like home. \/ Any place is home once you live there.<\/li>\n
                              • \u79c1\u306f\u3069\u3093\u306a\u5b63\u7bc0(<\/rp>\u304d\u305b\u3064<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3067\u3082\u597d\u304d\u3060\u3002
                                \nI like all seasons (no matter what season it is, I like it).<\/li>\n
                              • \u30d0\u30ec\u30f3\u30bf\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a4\u306b\u3082\u3089\u3063\u305f\u30c1\u30e7\u30b3\u304c\u3069\u3093\u306a\u30c1\u30e7\u30b3\u3067\u3082\u3001\u30db\u30ef\u30a4\u30c8\u30c7\u30a4\u306b\u306f\u304a\u8fd4\u3057\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3002
                                \nNo matter what kind of chocolates you receive on Valentines Day, you should give a return gift on White Day.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                                \n

                                Chapter 10 \u6587\u6cd5\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8<\/h2>\n
                                  \n
                                1. \u5206\u6570(<\/rp>\u3076\u3093\u3059\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby> (fraction)
                                  \n\u5206\u6570 (fraction) is expressed in Japanese by [(number)\u5206\u306e(number)]. Notice that in Japanese, a denominator comes before a numerator, as in \u4e94\u5206\u306e\u4e00(=1\/5), \u4e09\u5206\u306e\u4e8c(=2\/3), etc.<\/li>\n
                                2. Sentence \u307b\u3069
                                  \n[S1\u307b\u3069S2] means ‘S2 to the extent S1,’ or ‘it is so S2 that S1.’ S1 is generally in plain forms.<\/p>\n
                                    \n
                                  • \u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u30ab\u30ec\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u306a\u307f\u3060\u304c\u51fa\u308b\u307b\u3069\u304b\u3089\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002
                                    \nSometimes, Indian curry is so hot that it brings tears to your eyes.<\/li>\n
                                  • \u52d5(<\/rp>\u3046\u3054<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3051\u306a\u3044\u307b\u3069\u304a\u306a\u304b\u304c\u3044\u3063\u3071\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                    \nI am so full that I can’t move.<\/li>\n
                                  • \u6771\u4eac\u306f\u3001\u3073\u3063\u304f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u307b\u3069\u4eba\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002
                                    \nTokyo has an amazingly large number of people.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    This construction can be paraphrased to [S2(\u3066-form), S1\u307b\u3069\u3067\u3059], as below.<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • \u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u30ab\u30ec\u30fc\u306f\u304b\u3089\u304f\u3066\u3001\u306a\u307f\u3060\u304c\u3067\u308b\u307b\u3069\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                    • \u4f55\u3088\u308a\u3082 = ‘more than anything’\n
                                        \n
                                      • \u4eca\u3001\u4f55\u3088\u308a\u3082\u8eca\u304c\u307b\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3048\u3002
                                        \nRight now, I want a car more than anything.<\/li>\n
                                      • \u4f55\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5065\u5eb7(<\/rp>\u3051\u3093\u3053\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u4e00\u756a\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                        \nHealth is the most important thing in the world.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                      • (X\u306f)Y\u306b\u9650(<\/rp>\u304b\u304e<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u308b
                                        \nY in this construction can be either a noun or a verb in non-past plain form. This construction means ‘As for X, Y is the best thing to do; As for X, there is nothing better than Y.’<\/p>\n
                                          \n
                                        • \u6691(<\/rp>\u3042\u3064<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u65e5\u306b\u306f\u51b7(<\/rp>\u3064\u3081<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u305f\u3044\u30d3\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u98f2\u3080\u306b\u9650\u308b\u3002
                                          \nDrinking cold beer is the best thing to do on a hot day.<\/li>\n
                                        • \u53e4\u3044\u90fd\u3092\u8a2a\u306d\u305f\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u4eac\u90fd\u306b\u304b\u304e\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                          \nIf you want to visit an old city, Kyoto is the best place.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                        • \uff5e\u307e\u307e
                                          \n\u307e\u307e is attached to nouns, adjectives and verbs, and indicates that the condition\/situation (described in the \u307e\u307e-clause) is unchanged. It can be attached to N \u306e, \u306a-adjective \u306a, \u3044-adjective in plain non-past<\/em> tense form and verb in plain past<\/em> tense form.<\/p>\n
                                            \n
                                          • \u4eac\u90fd\u306b\u306f\u6614(<\/rp>\u3080\u304b\u3057<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306e\u307e\u307e\u306e\u304a\u5bfa\u3084\u795e\u793e(<\/rp>\u3058\u3093\u3058\u3083<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002
                                            \nThere are many old temples and shrines in Kyoto.<\/li>\n
                                          • \u65e5\u672c\u9152(<\/rp>\u3057\u3085<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u51b7(<\/rp>\u3064\u3081<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u305f\u3044\u307e\u307e\u98f2\u3093\u3067\u3082\u304a\u3044\u3057\u3044\u3002
                                            \nJapanese rice wine tastes good even cold.<\/li>\n
                                          • \u7a93(<\/rp>\u307e\u3069<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3092\u3042\u3051\u305f\u307e\u307e\u5bdd(<\/rp>\u306d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u308b\u3068\u3001\u304b\u305c\u3092\u5f15(<\/rp>\u3072<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304f\u3002
                                            \nIf you go to sleep with the window open, you will catch cold.<\/li>\n
                                          • \u3069\u3046\u305e\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u3044\u3089\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002
                                            \nPlease come as you are.<\/li>\n
                                          • \u4eba\u304b\u3089\u304a\u91d1\u3092\u501f(<\/rp>\u304b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u308a\u305f\u307e\u307e\u8fd4\u3055\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306f\u3001\u3088\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                            \nIt’s not good not to return the money one has borrowed from other people.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                                            \n

                                            Chapter 11 \u6587\u6cd5\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8<\/h2>\n
                                              \n
                                            1. \uff5e\u3082\u3093\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3089\/\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3089 = ‘because ~’
                                              \nThis pattern is used to present a reason for a situation. It is often used to give a reason for a situation where the speaker feels sorry for what happened, but where the consequence was unavoidable because of the reason he\/she gives.<\/p>\n
                                                \n
                                              • \u5148\u751f\uff1a\u3069\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3093\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002\u305a\u3044\u3076\u3093\u9045(<\/rp>\u304a\u305d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002
                                                \nWhat happened? You are late!
                                                \n\u5b66\u751f\uff1a\u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u51fa\u304b\u3051\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3063\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306b\u5bb6\u304b\u3089\u96fb\u8a71\u304c\u304b\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3089\u3002
                                                \nI am sorry. It’s because my parents called me just when I was about to leave the home.<\/li>\n
                                              • \u5b66\u751f\uff08\u5973\uff09\uff1a\u3069\u3046\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u5206\u3082\u5f85\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3088\u3002
                                                \nWhat happened? I’ve been waiting for half an hour?
                                                \n\u5b66\u751f\uff08\u7537\uff09\uff1a\u3054\u3081\u3093\u3001\u3054\u3081\u3093\u3002\u8eca\u3067\u6765\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u9053(<\/rp>\u307f\u3061<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u3082\u306e\u3059\u3054\u304f\u8fbc(<\/rp>\u3053<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u3082\u3093\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3002
                                                \nSorry! I came by car but the traffic was incredibly heavy [so I couldn’t help being late].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                              • \uff5e\u3046\u3061\u306b
                                                \nThere are two kinds of \uff5e\u3046\u3061\u306b. When \u3046\u3061\u306b is preceded by nouns, adjectives and verbs (stative or in progressive form), it expresses the sense of ‘while a certain situation holds’.<\/p>\n
                                                  \n
                                                • \u5b66\u751f\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u65c5\u884c(<\/rp>\u308a\u3087\u3053\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3092\u3057\u305f\u65b9\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3002
                                                  \nOne should travel while still a student.<\/li>\n
                                                • \u9759(<\/rp>\u3057\u305a<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304b\u306a\u3046\u3061\u306b\u52c9\u5f37\u3092\u3057\u3066\u304a\u3053\u3046\u3002
                                                  \nI will get my study done while it is still quiet.<\/li>\n
                                                • \u82e5\u3044\u3046\u3061\u306b\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3068\u3044\u3044\u3002
                                                  \nYou should do what you want to do while you are still young.<\/li>\n
                                                • \u65e5\u672c\u306b\u3044\u308b\u3046\u3061\u306b\u3001\u4e00\u5ea6\u5bcc\u58eb\u5c71(<\/rp>\u3075\u3058\u3055\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306b\u767b(<\/rp>\u306e\u307c<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u308a\u305f\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                  \nI would like to climb Mt. Fuji while I am in Japan.<\/li>\n
                                                • \u8a71\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3046\u3061\u306b\u6642\u9593\u304c\u7d4c(<\/rp>\u305f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002
                                                  \nTime flew by while we were talking.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                  When \u3046\u3061\u306b is preceded by a negative verb form, it expresses the meaning of ‘before something happens.’<\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  • \u3042\u307e\u308a\u9045(<\/rp>\u304a\u305d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3046\u3061\u306b\u5e30\u3063\u305f\u65b9\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
                                                    \nYou should go home before it gets too late.<\/li>\n
                                                  • \u6bcd\u306b\u53f1(<\/rp>\u3057\u304b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3046\u3061\u306b\u5bbf\u984c(<\/rp>\u3057\u3085\u304f\u3060\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3092\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                    \nI will do my homework before my mother scolds me.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                  • X\u304c\u6c17\u306b\u306a\u308b = ‘~ weighs on one’s mind; to be concerned about ~’
                                                    \nIn this construction, X can be either a noun or a sentence nominalized by attaching \u306e.<\/p>\n
                                                      \n
                                                    • \u6210\u7e3e\u304c\u6c17\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                      \nI am worried about my grade[s].<\/li>\n
                                                    • \u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u30b9\u30c6\u30a4\u306e\u5b66\u751f\u306e\u5bb6\u65cf(<\/rp>\u304b\u305e\u304f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304b\u3089\u624b\u7d19(<\/rp>\u3066\u304c\u307f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u4e00\u901a(<\/rp>\u3044\u3061\u3064\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3082\u6765\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304c\u6c17\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                      \nI am bothered by the fact that my host student’s family has not even written a single letter to me.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                    • \u3069\u3046\u3057\u3066\u3082
                                                      \nThis phrase can be used with either a negative or affirmative predicate. In a negative sentence, it means ‘can’t do [it] no matter how hard one tries.’ In an affirmative sentence, it has the sense of ‘by all means’.<\/p>\n
                                                        \n
                                                      • \u3069\u3046\u3057\u3066\u3082\u5206\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u6642\u306f\u3001\u5148\u751f\u306b\u805e\u3044\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002
                                                        \nWhen you don’t understand no matter how hard you try, please ask your teacher.<\/li>\n
                                                      • \u3046\u305d\u306f\u3001\u3069\u3046\u3057\u3066\u3082\u8a00\u3048\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                                                        \nI can’t tell a lie no matter what.<\/li>\n
                                                      • \u3069\u3046\u3057\u3066\u3082\u4e00\u5ea6\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u3063\u3066\u307f\u305f\u3044\u3002
                                                        \nI would like to go to Japan once, no matter what.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                      • \u3064\u3044 = ‘inadvertently; involuntarily’\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • \u8a00\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3064\u3044\u53e3\u306b\u3067\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002
                                                          \nSometimes, we accidentally say things we should not say.<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u8a71\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3064\u3044\u6642\u9593\u3092\u5fd8\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002
                                                          \nI was talking and lost track of time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                        • \uff5e\u306b\u6c17\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b = ‘to pay attention to ~; to be careful of ~’\n
                                                            \n
                                                          • \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3059\u6642\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\u306b\u6c17\u3092\u3064\u3051\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002
                                                            \nWhen you speak Japanese, please watch for pitch patterns.<\/li>\n
                                                          • A:\u3000\u3058\u3083\u3001\u660e\u65e5\u51fa\u767a(<\/rp>\u3057\u3085\u3063\u3071\u3064<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\uff1f
                                                            \nSo, you are leaving tomorrow?
                                                            \nB:\u3000\u3046\u3093\u3002Yes
                                                            \nA:\u3000\u3058\u3083\u3001\u6c17\u3092\u3064\u3051\u3066\u306d\u3002
                                                            \nWell, take care!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                            \u6c17 is used in many idiomatic expressions in Japanese. The following are some of the expressions containing \u6c17.
                                                            \n\uff5e\u306b\u6c17\u304c\u3064\u304f = ‘to realize; to notice’<\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                            • \u63b2\u793a\u677f(<\/rp>\u3051\u3044\u3058\u3070\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306b\u8cbc(<\/rp>\u306f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3063\u3066\u3042\u308b\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u6c17\u304c\u3064\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002
                                                              \nI didn’t notice the poster on the bulletin board.<\/li>\n
                                                            • \u304a\u91d1\u3092\u843d(<\/rp>\u304a<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3068\u3057\u305f\u306e\u306b\u6c17\u304c\u3064\u3044\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u5bb6\u3078\u5e30\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002
                                                              \nIt was after I got home that I realized that I had lost my money.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                              \nV (plain) + \u6c17\u306b\u306a\u308b = ‘to bring oneself to do V; to feel like V-ing’<\/p>\n

                                                                \n
                                                              • \u91d1\u66dc\u65e5\u306e\u6669\u306f\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u6c17\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                                                                \nI don’t feel like studying on Friday nights.<\/li>\n
                                                              • \u3084\u308b\u6c17\u306b\u306a\u308c\u3070\u3001\u4f55\u3067\u3082\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                                \nYou can do anything if you put your mind to it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                              • \u308f\u3056\u308f\u3056 = ‘to go out of one’s way to do something’\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                • \u308f\u3056\u308f\u3056\u51fa\u304b\u3051\u308b\u306e\u306f\u5927\u5909(<\/rp>\u305f\u3044\u3078\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u96fb\u8a71\u3067\u8a71\u305d\u3046\u3002
                                                                  \nIt’s not easy to take the time to go, so I will talk on the phone.<\/li>\n
                                                                • \u5b66\u751f\uff1a\u3053\u306e\u4f5c\u6587\u3001\u66f8\u304d\u76f4\u3057\u305f\u65b9\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002
                                                                  \nDo you think I should rewrite this composition?
                                                                  \n\u5148\u751f\uff1a\u308f\u3056\u308f\u3056\u66f8\u304d\u76f4\u3055\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044\u3093\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002
                                                                  \nI don’t think you have to take the trouble to rewrite it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                • \uff5e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u304a\u9858(<\/rp>\u306d\u304c<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u3059\u308b = ‘to ask [someone] to do [something]’
                                                                  \n\uff5e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a00\u3046 = ‘to ask [someone] to do [something]’
                                                                  \n\uff5e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u983c(<\/rp>\u305f\u306e<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3080 = ‘to ask [someone] to do [something]’
                                                                  \n\u3088\u3046\u306b in this construction indicates that it is an indirect quote of a command or a request. [V (plain, non-past) \u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a00\u3046] is equivalent to a sentence with a direct quote such as [V-\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3068\u8a00\u3046] or [V\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3068\u8a00\u3046].<\/p>\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  • \u5148\u751f\u306b\u63a8\u85a6\u72b6(<\/rp>\u3059\u3044\u305b\u3093\u3058\u3087\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3092\u66f8\u304f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u304a\u9858\u3044\u3057\u305f\u3002
                                                                    \nI asked my teacher to write a letter of recommendation.<\/li>\n
                                                                  • \u304a\u6bcd\u3055\u3093\u306b\u30b7\u30e7\u30fc\u30c8\u30d1\u30f3\u30c4\u3092\u306f\u3044\u3066\u5b66\u6821\u3078\u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6ce8\u610f(<\/rp>\u3061\u3085\u3046\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002
                                                                    \nMy host mother advised me not to go to school wearing shorts.<\/li>\n
                                                                  • \u591c(<\/rp>\u3088\u308b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u5341\u4e00\u6642\u307e\u3067\u306b\u306f\u5e30\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3002
                                                                    \nI was told to come home by 11 p.m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                  • V (volitional) \u3068\u3057\u305f\u3089 = ‘when I was about to V’\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    • \u30c7\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u3078\u884c\u3053\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3089\u3001\u96e8\u304c\u964d(<\/rp>\u3075<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002
                                                                      \nWhen I was about to leave for the department store, it began to rain.<\/li>\n
                                                                    • \u96fb\u8a71\u3067\u5f7c\u306e\u58f0\u3092\u805e\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u305d\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3089\u3001\u6d99(<\/rp>\u306a\u307f\u3060<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u51fa\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002
                                                                      \nWhen I heard his voice and tried to talk, tears came to my eyes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                    • (X\u3066\u3001)Y\u304f\u3089\u3044\u3060 = ‘X, to the extent Y’
                                                                      \n\u304f\u3089\u3044, like \u307b\u3069, indicates the degree or extent of a situation, which is often expressed in X\u3066 (or X\u3067). Y can be a \u306a-adjective (e.g., \u4e0a\u624b\u306a\u304f\u3089\u3044\u3067\u3059), an \u3044-adjective (e.g., \u75db(<\/rp>\u3044\u305f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u304f\u3089\u3044\u3067\u3059) or a verb (e.g., \u884c\u304f\u304f\u3089\u3044\u3067\u3059).<\/p>\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      • \u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u305a\u3063\u3068\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u65b9\u304c\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3088\u308a\u4e0a\u624b\u306a\u304f\u3089\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                                                        \nHe has lived in America so long that his English is almost better than his Japanese.<\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u3054\u3061\u305d\u3046\u304c\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5168\u90e8(<\/rp>\u305c\u3093\u3076<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304f\u3089\u3044\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002
                                                                        \nThere was so much food that we almost could not eat it all.<\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u65e5\u672c\u306e\u4eba\u540d(<\/rp>\u3058\u3093\u3081\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u8aad\u307f\u65b9\u304c\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u306b\u3082\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u304f\u3089\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                                                        \nThere are so many ways of reading Japanese names that they are even difficult for Japanese.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                        The \u304f\u3089\u3044 phrase can precede the situation it is describing, as in [Y\u304f\u3089\u3044X]. The meaning, however, is the same as [X\u3066\u3001Y\u304f\u3089\u3044\u3060].<\/p>\n

                                                                          \n
                                                                        • \u3053\u306e\u8aad\u307f\u7269\u306f\u982d(<\/rp>\u3042\u305f\u307e<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u75db(<\/rp>\u3044\u305f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304f\u306a\u308b\u304f\u3089\u3044\u96e3(<\/rp>\u3080\u305a\u304b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                                                          \nThis reading passage is so difficult that [to the extent that] I almost get a headache.<\/li>\n
                                                                        • \u3068\u304d\u3069\u304d\u524d\u304c\u898b\u3048\u306a\u3044\u304f\u3089\u3044\u96e8\u304c\u3072\u3069\u304f\u964d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002
                                                                          \nThere are times when it rains so hard that you can hardly see anything in front of you.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                        • V (plain past) \u3082\u306e\u3060 = ‘used to V’
                                                                          \n[V (plain, past) \u3082\u306e\u3060] is used to express something one used to do in the past, to reminisce about the past.<\/p>\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          • \u5b50\u4f9b\u306e\u3053\u308d\u306f\u3001\u3088\u304f\u5f1f(<\/rp>\u304a\u3068\u3046\u3068<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3068\u3051\u3093\u304b\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3002
                                                                            \nI used to fight with my brother a lot when I was a child.<\/li>\n
                                                                          • \u5927\u5b66\u6642\u4ee3\u306f\u3001\u3088\u304f\u904a(<\/rp>\u3042\u305d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3073\u3088\u304f\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3002
                                                                            \nI used to play hard and study hard in my college days.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                          • V (stem) \u305f\u3066
                                                                            \nA suffix \u305f\u3066 attached to a limited number of verbs (stem of \u307e\u3059-form) and means that something was just<\/em> done.<\/p>\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            • \u713c(<\/rp>\u3084<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304d\u305f\u3066\u306e\u30d1\u30f3\u306f\u304a\u3044\u3057\u3044\u3002
                                                                              \nBread fresh from the oven is delicious.<\/li>\n
                                                                            • \u306c\u308a\u305f\u3066\u306e\u30da\u30f3\u30ad\u306b\u6c17\u3092\u3064\u3051\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002
                                                                              \nPlease watch out for wet paint.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                                                                              \n

                                                                              Chapter 12 \u6587\u6cd5\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8<\/h2>\n
                                                                                \n
                                                                              1. \u308d\u304f\u306b\uff5e\u306a\u3044 = ‘not much; not enough’
                                                                                \nThis expression is always followed by a negative form of a predicate.<\/p>\n
                                                                                  \n
                                                                                • \u308d\u304f\u306b\u52c9\u5f37\u3082\u3057\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306b\u6587\u53e5(<\/rp>\u3082\u3093\u304f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3070\u304b\u308a\u8a00\u3046\u306e\u306f\u56f0\u308b\u3002
                                                                                  \nIt’s not good to complain without studying much.<\/li>\n
                                                                                • \u75c5\u6c17\u306e\u6642\u306f\u3001\u308d\u304f\u306b\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                  \nWhen you are sick, you can hardly eat anything.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                • \uff5e\u305b\u304b = ‘perhaps because’
                                                                                  \n\u305b\u3044, without \u304b, gives a reason or a cause.<\/p>\n
                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  • \u5b66\u751f\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306f\u5148\u751f\u306e\u305b\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002
                                                                                    \nIs it because of the teacher that students don’t do well?<\/li>\n
                                                                                  • \u81ea\u5206\u306e\u9593\u9055(<\/rp>\u307e\u3061\u304c<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u3092\u4ed6\u4eba(<\/rp>\u305f\u306b\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306e\u305b\u3044\u306b\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u56f0\u308b\u3002
                                                                                    \nIt’s not good to blame others for your own mistakes.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  • \u305d\u308c\u306f\u6c17\u306e\u305b\u3044\u3060\u3088\u3002
                                                                                    \nIt’s just your imagination.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[S1\u305b\u3044\u304b, S2] gives a possible reason for some undesirable situation in S2, meaning ‘Perhaps because S1, S2 holds.’<\/p>\n
                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    • \u8a66\u9a13(<\/rp>\u3057\u3051\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u60aa(<\/rp>\u308f\u308b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304b\u3063\u305f\u305b\u3044\u304b\u3001\u5143\u6c17\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                      \n[He] looks dispirited, perhaps because he did badly on the exam.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    • \u671f\u672b(<\/rp>\u304d\u307e\u3064<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u8a66\u9a13\u304c\u8fd1\u3044\u305b\u3044\u304b\u3001\u4f11\u307f\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                      \nThere are many absences, perhaps because the final exam is near.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                      \n\u305b\u3044 is a noun. So, it is preceded by N\u306e, \u306a-adjective \u306a, or plain forms of \u3044-adjectives and verbs. When S2 represents a desirable situation, \u304a\u304b\u3052\u3067 is used as below.<\/p>\n

                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      • \u5148\u751f\u306b\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u6559\u3048\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3044\u305f\u304a\u304b\u3052\u3067\u3001\u306b\u307b\u3093\u3054\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
                                                                                        \nThanks to your teaching, I have become able to speak Japanese.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                      • V\u3066\u3054\u3089\u3093\u306a\u3055\u3044 = ‘try V-ing’
                                                                                        \nThis is a polite form of V\u3066\u307f\u306a\u3055\u3044. Since \uff5e\u306a\u3055\u3044 is a form used by someone higher in status to give a command to someone lower in status, \uff5e\u3054\u3089\u3093\u306a\u3055\u3044 cannot be used by a person lower in status. V\u3066\u3054\u3089\u3093 (e.g., \u898b\u3066\u3054\u3089\u3093) is a more informal variant of V\u3066\u3054\u3089\u3093\u306a\u3055\u3044, and is used, for example, by mothers in talking to children.<\/p>\n
                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        • \u5c11\u3057\u4f11\u3093\u3067\u3054\u3089\u3093\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u304d\u3063\u3068\u697d(<\/rp>\u3089\u304f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3088\u3002
                                                                                          \nGo and rest for a while. I’m sure you will feel better.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                        • \uff5e\u3050\u3089\u3044
                                                                                          \nN\u3050\u3089\u3044, in this case, indicates that N is the minimum level, degree, etc. (e.g., easiest, lightest, etc.) \u3050\u3089\u3044 is often replaced by \u304f\u3089\u3044.<\/p>\n
                                                                                            \n
                                                                                          • \u304a\u306a\u304b\u306e\u75db(<\/rp>\u3044\u305f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u6642\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d7\u3050\u3089\u3044\u306b\u3057\u305f\u65b9\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
                                                                                            \nWhen you have a stomachache, you should limit your diet to something light like soup.<\/li>\n
                                                                                          • \u4e00\u5e74\u3067\u7fd2(<\/rp>\u306a\u3089<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3063\u305f\u6f22\u5b57\u3050\u3089\u3044\u66f8\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3068\u56f0\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                                                            \nYou should be able to write at least the kanji you learned in the first year.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                          • \uff5e\u306b\u8d8a(<\/rp>\u3053<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044 = ‘nothing can be better than ~’
                                                                                            \nThis expression is most frequently used with non-past plain forms of verbs.<\/p>\n
                                                                                              \n
                                                                                            • \u75c5\u6c17\u306e\u6642\u306f\u5bdd(<\/rp>\u306d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u308b\u8d8a\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                              \nWhen you are sick, sleeping is the best thing to do.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            • \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u305f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304f\u306b\u8d8a\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3001\u307e\u305a\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u3061\u3083\u3093\u3068\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066\u304b\u3089\u884c\u3063\u305f\u65b9\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                                                              \nIf you want to become proficient in Japanese, the best thing is to go to Japan, but I think you should first study properly [i.e., the basics] in America.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                            • \u601d\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b = ‘as one wishes’\n
                                                                                                \n
                                                                                              • \u4ed5\u4e8b\u306f\u306a\u304b\u306a\u304b\u601d\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6357(<\/rp>\u306f\u304b\u3069<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3002
                                                                                                \nWork generally does not get done as quickly as one wishes.<\/li>\n
                                                                                              • A:\u3000\u8ad6\u6587(<\/rp>\u308d\u3093\u3076\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u3069\u3046\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002\u6357(<\/rp>\u306f\u304b\u3069<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002
                                                                                                \nHow is the thesis coming along? Is it progressing well?
                                                                                                \nB:\u3000\u306a\u304b\u306a\u304b\u601d\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u66f8\u3051\u306a\u304f\u3066\u56f0\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                                                                \nI’m really troubled because I can’t write it to my satisfaction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                              • \uff5e\u304c\u3061 = ‘to tend to ~; to be apt to ~; to be prone to ~’
                                                                                                \nThis suffix follows certain verbs (stems of \u307e\u3059-forms) and nouns, and expresses the idea that one tends to do something, something is more likely to happen, etc. It is negative in its implication.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                • \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u5c11\u3057\u8a71\u305b\u3066\u3082\u8aad\u307f\u66f8\u304d\u306f\u5168\u7136(<\/rp>\u305c\u3093\u305c\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u3001\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u306e\u5834\u5408(<\/rp>\u3070\u3042\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3042\u308a\u304c\u3061\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3060\u3002
                                                                                                  \nIt is not unusual that a foreigner who can speak Japanese a little can’t read or write it at all.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                • \u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u306f\u3042\u307e\u308a\u9060\u616e(<\/rp>\u3048\u3093\u308a\u3087<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u3061\u306b\u3057\u306a\u3044\u65b9\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                  \nIt is better not to be too modest in America.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                                                                                                  \n

                                                                                                  Chapter 13 \u6587\u6cd5\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8<\/h2>\n
                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                  1. \u305f\u3089\/N\u3063\u305f\u3089
                                                                                                    \nN\u305f\u3089\/\u3063\u305f\u3089is often used in informal conversations to indicate the topic of a sentence. Compared with a \u306f-marked topic, ~\u305f\u3089\/\u3063\u305f\u3089 gives a sense of surprise, disbelief, reproach, or the like.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                    • \u3046\u3061\u306e\u6bcd\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3001\u6587\u53e5(<\/rp>\u3082\u3093\u304f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3070\u304b\u308a\u8a00\u3046\u306e\u3088\u3002
                                                                                                      \nMy mother complains all the time [and I feel frustrated].<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    • \u3042\u306e\u4eba\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3001\u3053\u3093\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u3088\u3002
                                                                                                      \nHe said this. [Can you believe it?]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    • \u3088\u3063\u307d\u3069 = ‘considerably; really; to a great extent’
                                                                                                      \n\u3088\u3063\u307d\u3069 is a colloquial form of \u3088\u307b\u3069, which indicates that something is of a degree considerably greater than usual.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                        \n
                                                                                                      • \u666e\u901a(<\/rp>\u3075\u3064\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306e\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u4eba\u306f\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5148\u751f\u3088\u307b\u3069\u6687(<\/rp>\u3072\u307e<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3002
                                                                                                        \nMost Americans seem to think that university professors have a great deal of free time.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      • \u5bee(<\/rp>\u308a\u3087\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306e\u98df\u4e8b\u306f\u3088\u3063\u307d\u3069\u307e\u305a\u3044\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                        \nIt seems that the dormitory food is really bad.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      • \uff5e\u306b\u9055(<\/rp>\u3061\u304c<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u306a\u3044 = ‘it must be ~’
                                                                                                        \nIt follows nouns, stem forms of \u306a-adjectives, plain forms of \u3044-adjectives and verbs.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                          \n
                                                                                                        • \u3042\u3093\u306a\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5bb6\u306b\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3093\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3088\u3063\u307d\u3069\u697d(<\/rp>\u3089\u304f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306a\u751f\u6d3b(<\/rp>\u305b\u3044\u304b\u3064<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u9055\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                          \nSince he lives in a big house like that, he must be really well-off.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • \u3042\u305d\u3053\u3067\u304a\u8f9e\u5100(<\/rp>\u3058\u304e<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u306b\u9055\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                          \nThe person who is bowing over there must be a Japanese.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • \u97d3\u56fd(<\/rp>\u304b\u3093\u3053\u304f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u4eba\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306f\u3084\u3055\u3057\u3044\u306b\u3061\u304c\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                          \nJapanese must be easy for Koreans to learn.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • \u96fb\u6c17\u306e\u306a\u3044\u751f\u6d3b\u306f\u4e0d\u4fbf(<\/rp>\u3075\u3079\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306b\u3061\u304c\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                          \nIt must be inconvenient to live without electricity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • \u3055\u3059\u304c\uff08\u306b\uff09 = ‘indeed; as may be expected’
                                                                                                          \n\u3055\u3059\u304c\uff08\u306b\uff09 gives a connotation that the speaker is favorably impressed with the state. It is preceded by [Sentence + \u3060\u3051\u3042\u3063\u3066].<\/p>\n
                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                          • \u65e5\u672c\u306b\u5341\u5e74\u3082\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3055\u3059\u304c\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u4e0a\u624b\u3060\u3002
                                                                                                            \nSince he has lived in Japan for ten years, he speaks excellent Japanese indeed.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                          • \u304a\u7fd2\u5b57(<\/rp>\u3057\u3085\u3046\u3058<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306e\u5148\u751f\u3060\u3051\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3055\u3059\u304c\u306b\u3059\u3070\u3089\u3057\u3044\u5b57\u3060\u3002
                                                                                                            \nHe is an excellent calligrapher, as may be expected of someone who teaches calligraphy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                          • \u306a\u3093\u304b\/N\u306a\u3093\u3066
                                                                                                            \nBoth \u306a\u3093\u304b and \u306a\u3093\u3066 can follow a noun, with the meaning of ‘things (or people) like ~.’ Only \u306a\u3093\u3066, however, can follow a sentence. \u306a\u3093\u3066 is a contraction of many forms such as \u306a\u3069\u306f\u3001\u306a\u3069\u3068\u3001\u306a\u3069\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f or the like.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                            • \u52a9\u8a5e(<\/rp>\u3058\u3087\u3057<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306a\u3093\u304b\uff08\u306a\u3093\u3066\uff09\u96e3(<\/rp>\u3080\u305a\u304b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                              \nI thought things like particles were difficult.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            • \u300c\u79c1\u306f\u300d\u3068\u300c\u79c1\u304c\u300d\u304c\u3069\u3046\u9055(<\/rp>\u3061\u304c<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3046\u304b\u306a\u3093\u3066\uff08\uff1d\u306a\u3069\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\uff09\u3001\u3055\u3063\u3071\u308a\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                              \nI didn’t understand at all things like how watashi wa<\/em> and watashi ga<\/em> differ.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            • \u656c\u8a9e(<\/rp>\u3051\u3044\u3054<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3092\u4f7f\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u5931\u793c(<\/rp>\u3057\u3064\u308c\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306b\u306a\u308b\u306a\u3093\u3066\uff08\uff1d\u306a\u3069\u3068\uff09\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5fc3\u914d(<\/rp>\u3057\u3093\u3071\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u3061\u3083\u3063\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                              \nSince I was told that it would be impolite if I don’t use keigo, I was worried.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            • S1 \u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001S2 = ‘although S1, S2’
                                                                                                              \n\u3082\u306e\u306e is a conjunction meaning “although,” and tends to be used in writing. It is similar to \u300c\u304c\u300d and \u300c\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u300d.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                              \u3082\u306e\u306a\u306e\u306b<\/u> ⇒ \u3082\u306e\u306e
                                                                                                              \n~\u3082\u306e<\/u>\u3067\u3059 ⇒ The speaker presents some situation as if it is a tangible object. “because; how could…!; used to…; should”<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                \n
                                                                                                              • \u30d0\u30ab\u306a\u4e8b\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3060
                                                                                                                \nhow could you do such a foolish thing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                                Plain form of \u3044-\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e and \u52d5\u8a5e \uff0b\u3082\u306e\u306e<\/u><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                                • \u306a\u3063\u3068\u3046\u306f\u4f53\u306b\u3044\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u3060\u308c\u3082\u98df\u3079\u305f\u304c\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                                  \nAlthough natto is good for you<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                • \u3053\u306e\u5225\u8358(<\/rp>\u3079\u3063\u305d\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u306d\u3060\u3093\u306f\u6975(<\/rp>\u304d\u308f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3081\u3066\u9ad8 \u3044\u3002
                                                                                                                  \nEven though this summer cottage is not big, it is very expensive.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                • \u6bce\u65e5\u4e94\u6642\u9593\u3082\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u4f55\u306e\u9032\u6b69(<\/rp>\u3057\u3093\u307d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3082\u8a8d(<\/rp>\u307f\u3068<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3081\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                                  \nAlthough I studied five hours every day, I didn’t notice any progress at all.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                                  \n\u540d\u8a5e\u3000\uff0b\u3000\u3082\u306e\u306e\u306a<\/u><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                                  • \u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                  • \u5b66\u751f\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306e<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                  • \u5b66\u751f\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306e<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                  • \u5b66\u751f\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                                    \n\u306a\u30fc\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e \u3000\uff0b\u3000\u3082\u306e\u306e<\/u><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                                    • \u6709\u540d\u306a(or \u3067\u3042\u308b)\u3082\u306e\u306e<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                    • \u6709\u540d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306e<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                    • \u6709\u540d\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306e<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                    • \u6709\u540d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                                      \n~\u306e\u306b\uff1apersonal involvement, emotive overtone\n<\/li>\n

                                                                                                                    • \u4e00\u65b9(<\/rp>\u307d\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3067(\u306f)= ‘on one hand; on the other hand’
                                                                                                                      \nIt is often used in a phrase\u4e00\u65b9(<\/rp>\u307d\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3067\u306f~\u3001\u4ed6\u65b9(<\/rp>\u305f\u307b\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3067\u306f~. However, one of the two, phrases is often omitted.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                                        \n
                                                                                                                      • \u50cd(<\/rp>\u306f\u305f\u3089<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304f\u5973\u6027(<\/rp>\u3058\u3087\u305b\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306e\u6570(<\/rp>\u304b\u305a<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u5e74\u3005(<\/rp>\u306d\u3093\u306d\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u5897\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u91cd\u8981(<\/rp>\u3058\u3085\u3046\u3088\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306a\u30dd\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5973\u6027\u306f\u304d\u308f\u3081\u3066\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                                        \nThe number of working women is increasing every year, but, on the other hand, women who hold important posts are quite few in number.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                                      • \u65e5\u7c73\u95a2\u4fc2(<\/rp>\u306b\u3061\u3079\u3044\u304b\u3093\u3051\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u306f\u6c11\u9593(<\/rp>\u307f\u3093\u304b\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u6587\u5316\u4ea4\u6d41(<\/rp>\u3076\u3093\u304b\u3053\u3046\u308a\u3085\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u76db(<\/rp>\u3055\u304b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3093\u3060\u304c\u3001\u4ed6\u65b9\u3067\u306f\u8cbf\u6613\u6469\u64e6(<\/rp>\u307c\u3046\u3048\u304d\u307e\u3055\u3064<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u5927\u304d\u306a\u554f\u984c(<\/rp>\u3082\u3093\u3060\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n

                                                                                                                        As for U.S.-Japan relations, while, on one hand, cultural exchange in the private domain is quite popular, on the other hand, trade friction is a big problem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n

                                                                                                                      • \u6bce\u65e5\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b = ‘almost every day’
                                                                                                                        \nIt means that it appears like everyday, although it is not actually every day. \u65e5 can be replaced by \u9031, \u6708, \u5e74, \u56de, \u6642\u9593, etc.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                                          \n
                                                                                                                        • \u30ad\u30fc\u3093\u306f\u3001\u6bce\u65e5\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4e2d\u83ef\u6599\u7406(<\/rp>\u3061\u3085\u3046\u304b\u308a\u3087\u3046\u308a<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3092\u98df\u3079\u305f\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002
                                                                                                                          \nI hear Keene ate Chinese food almost every day.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                        • \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u30af\u30e9\u30b9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6bce\u6642\u9593\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5bbf\u984c(<\/rp>\u3057\u3085\u304f\u3060\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002
                                                                                                                          \nIn Japanese class, we have homework for almost every class period.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                        • \u305b\u3044\u305c\u3044 = ‘at most’
                                                                                                                          \nIt indicates a maximum limit, which is still a small amount..<\/p>\n
                                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                                          • \u5927\u304d\u3044\u30af\u30e9\u30b9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u6642\u9593\u306b\u305b\u3044\u305c\u3044\u4e00\u3001\u4e8c\u5ea6\u5f53(<\/rp>\u3042<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u305f\u308c\u3070\u3044\u3044\u65b9\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                                            \nIn a large class, on a good day, you will be called on at most once or twice.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                          • \u65e5\u672c\u306e\u30b5\u30e9\u30ea\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u4f11\u307f\u3092\u53d6\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305b\u3044\u305c\u3044\u56db\u3001\u4e94\u65e5\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
                                                                                                                            \nJapanese white-collar workers, when they take vacations, take at most four, five\u3000days.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                          • Q: \u4e00\u65e5\u306b\u4f55\u6642\u9593\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002
                                                                                                                            \nHow many hours do you study each day?
                                                                                                                            \nA: \u305b\u3044\u305c\u3044\uff11\u6642\u9593\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3044\u3044\u65b9\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                                                                                                            \nIt’s pretty good if I study one hour at most (if any).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                          • ~\u306a\u304c\u3089 = ‘although’
                                                                                                                            \nWhen, in [S1 \u306a\u304c\u3089, S2], S1 contains a noun, adjective, or stative verb, it expresses the idea of ‘although S1, S2.’ Notice that, when S1, contains an action verb, \u306a\u304c\u3089 indicates two simultaneous actions. It is a disjunctive conjunction normally used in written Japanese<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                            Stative \u52d5\u8a5e (pre-masu form)\u3000\uff0b\u306a\u304c\u3089<\/u><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                                            • \u5f7c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u3044\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u6d0b \u3070\u304b\u308a \u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002
                                                                                                                              \nAlthough he is in Japan, he eats only western food.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                            • \u5c71\u7530\u3055\u3093\u306f\u660e\u65e5\u8a66\u9a13\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u77e5\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u79c1\u306b\u306f\u6559(<\/rp>\u304a\u3057<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3048\u3066\u304f\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                                              \nAlthough Mr. Yamada knew about the test tomorrow, he didn’t tell me.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                            • \u30b9\u30b3\u30c3\u30c8\u30fb\u30d4\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u30bd\u30f3\u306f\u7d50\u5a5a(<\/rp>\u3051\u3063\u3053\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u5973\u306e\u4eba\u3068\u4f1a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                                              \nAlthough Scott Peterson was married, he saw other women.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                            • \u305f\u3070\u3053\u304c\u4f53\u306b\u3088\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u5206\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u3084\u3081\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                                              \nWhile I know that tobacco is bad for your body, I cannot quit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                                              \n\u540d\u8a5e \u3000\uff0b\u3000\u306a\u304c\u3089<\/u><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                                \n
                                                                                                                              • \u3042\u306e\u5b50\u306f\uff11\uff11\u624d\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u3057\u3063\u304b\u308a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002
                                                                                                                                \nAlthough that child is 11 years old, he\/she is quite mature\/reliable.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                              • \u3053\u306e\u8eca\u306f\u4e2d\u53e4\u8eca(<\/rp>\u3061\u3085\u3046\u3053\u3057\u3083<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u3088\u304f\u8d70\u308b\u3002
                                                                                                                                \nAlthough this car is used, it runs well.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                                                \n\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e \uff08\u8f9e\u66f8\u5f62\uff09\u3000\uff0b\u3000\u306a\u304c\u3089<\/u><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                                                • \u3053\u306e\u90e8\u5c4b(<\/rp>\u3078\u3084<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u305b\u307e\u3044\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u4f4f(<\/rp>\u3059<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u307f\u5fc3\u5730(<\/rp>\u3054\u3053\u3061<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                                                  \nAlthough this room is narrow, it is comfortable.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                • \u3053\u306e\u8fba(<\/rp>\u3078\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u4e0d\u4fbf(<\/rp>\u3075\u3079\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u8eca\u3082\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3001\u7a7a\u6c17(<\/rp>\u304f\u3046\u304d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u304d\u308c\u3044\u3060\u3002
                                                                                                                                  \nAlthough this area is inconvenient, there are few cars and the air is clean.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                • \u6b8b\u5ff5(<\/rp>\u3056\u3093\u306d\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u884c\u304b\u308c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                                                  \nUnfortunately, I became unable to go.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                • N\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f = ‘for; considering’
                                                                                                                                  \nA compound particle which indicates a standard for comparisons.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                                                  • \u524d\u7530\u3055\u3093\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u82f1\u8a9e\u304c\u4e0a\u624b\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                                                                                                                    \nMaeda speaks good English for a Japanese.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                  • \u6771\u4eac\u306f\u3001\u5927\u90fd\u5e02(<\/rp>\u3060\u3044\u3068\u3057<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u72af\u7f6a(<\/rp>\u306f\u3093\u3056\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                                                    \nTokyo has few crimes for a big city.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                  • \u4e00\u5e74\u751f\u306e\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u304b\u306a\u308a\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002
                                                                                                                                    \nFor a first year textbook, it is fairly difficult, isn’t it?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                                                    \nNote the difference between \u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f and \u306b\u3057\u3066\u306f, as below:<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                                                    • ~\u3055\u3093\u306f\u65e5\u672c \u306e\u4e00\u5e74\u751f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u3088\u304f\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002
                                                                                                                                      \n~\u3055\u3093may or may not be a first year Japanese student.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                    • ~\u3055\u3093\u306f\u65e5\u672c \u306e\u4e00\u5e74\u751f\u306b\u3057\u3066\u306f\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u3088\u304f\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002
                                                                                                                                      \n~\u3055\u3093is actually a first year Japanese student.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                    • S1 \u305d\u308c\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3082S2 = ‘Even if S1 is true, S2; S1. Even so, S2’\n
                                                                                                                                        \n
                                                                                                                                      • \u6771\u4eac\u306f\u7269\u4fa1(<\/rp>\u3076\u3063\u304b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3082\u9ad8\u3044\u306e\u306b\u306f\u9a5a(<\/rp>\u304a\u3069\u308d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                                                        \nI had expected that prices in Tokyo would be high, but even so, I was surprised how expensive everything was.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                      • \u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u9ad8\u6821(<\/rp>\u3053\u3046\u3053\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u3001\u8ab2\u5916\u6d3b\u52d5(<\/rp>\u304b\u304c\u3044\u304b\u3064\u3069\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306a\u3069\u5341\u5206\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3046\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3082\u3046\u5c11\u3057\u52c9\u5f37\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002
                                                                                                                                        \nI think it’s great that American high school students can spend lots of time on extra-curricular activities, etc., but even so, wouldn’t it be better if they made students study a little more?<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                      • \u65e5\u672c\u306e\u5927\u5b66\u306f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u51fa\u308b\u524d\u306e\u306e\u3093\u3073\u308a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u6642\u3060\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u904a(<\/rp>\u3042\u305d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3093\u3067\u3070\u304b\u308a\u3044\u308b\u308f\u3051\u306b\u3082\u3044\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002
                                                                                                                                        \nJapanese colleges are said to provide time for students to relax before they go out into the real world. Even so, I don’t think they should just goof around.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                      • \uff5e\u9650\u308a = ‘as far as ~; long as ~’
                                                                                                                                        \nA conjunction which expresses the idea “as long as (a certain condition is met)” or “as long as (= to the extent).” It is used to set limits within which the following statement holds true. It generally follows plain forms of verbs and \u3044-adjectives. Nouns are in \u3067\u3042\u308b form (i.e., \u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u9650\u308a), and \u306a-adjectives are either in \u3067\u3042\u308b-form or in \u306a-form (i.e., \u9759(<\/rp>\u3057\u305a<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304b\u306a\u304b\u304e\u308a). \u52d5\u8a5e (plain form)\u3000\uff0b\u3000\u9650\u308a\uff1b\u3000\u3044\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e \u3000\uff0b\u3000\u9650\u308a<\/u><\/p>\n
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                                                                                                                                        • \u3067\u304d\u308b\u9650\u308a\u304c\u3093\u3070\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                                                                                                          \nI will try as much as possible.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                        • \u5148\u751f\u304c\u6765\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u3001\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                                                          \nAs long as the teacher doesn’t come, the test won’t begin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                                                          \n\u540d\u8a5e \u3000\uff0b\u3000\u3067\u3042\u308b(or \u3067\u306a\u3044)\u3000\uff0b\u3000\u9650\u308a<\/u><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                                                          • \u65e5\u672c\u306e\u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u9650\u308a\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u306a\u3044\u308f\u3051\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                                                            \nWhile (as long as) you are a student, you must study kanji.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                          • \uff12\uff11\u624d\u3067\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u3001\u304a \u9152\u306f\u8cb7\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                                                            \nAs long as you are not 21, you cannot buy alcohol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                                                            \n\u306a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e \u3000\uff0b\u3000\u3067\u3042\u308b(or \u3067\u306a\u3044)\uff0f\u306a\u3000\uff0b\u3000\u9650\u308a<\/u><\/p>\n

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                                                                                                                                            • \u5143\u6c17\u306a\u9650\u308a\u3001\u50cd\u304d\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002
                                                                                                                                              \nAs long as you are well, please work.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                            • \u304b\u3048\u3063\u3066 = ‘on the contrary’
                                                                                                                                              \nThe adverb \u304b\u3048\u3063\u3066is used when one describes a situation\/event that occurs contrary to one’s expectation..<\/p>\n
                                                                                                                                                \n
                                                                                                                                              • A: \u4e00\u6642\u9593\u3082\u6cf3(<\/rp>\u304a\u3088<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u3067\u3001\u3064\u304b\u308c\u305f\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
                                                                                                                                                \nYou swam for an hour, you must be tired.
                                                                                                                                                \nB: \u3044\u3044\u3048\u3001\u304b\u3048\u3063\u3066\u5143\u6c17\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3088\u3002<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                              • o, on the contrary, I feel great.\n
                                                                                                                                              • \u767d\u3044\u30bb\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u6d17\u6fef(<\/rp>\u305b\u3093\u305f\u304f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u305f\u3089\u3001\u304b\u3048\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f\u306a\u304f\u306a\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                                                                \nI washed a white sweater, and now it looks dirtier than before.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                              • \u6a5f\u68b0(<\/rp>\u304d\u304b\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306e\u4f7f\u3044\u65b9\u3092\u8aad\u3080\u3068\u3001\u304b\u3048\u3063\u3066\u5206\u304b\u3089\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002
                                                                                                                                                \nWhen you read instructions for a machine, sometimes you get more confused.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                              • \u8a66\u9a13(<\/rp>\u3057\u3051\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306e\u524d\u306e\u6669(<\/rp>\u3070\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306b\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3059\u304e\u308b\u3068\u3001\u304b\u3048\u3063\u3066\u3064\u307e\u3089\u306a\u3044\u9593\u9055(<\/rp>\u307e\u3061\u304c<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002
                                                                                                                                                \nIf you study too much the night before an exam, sometimes you end up making sill mistakes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
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                                                                                                                                                Chapter 14 \u6587\u6cd5\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8<\/h2>\n
                                                                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                                                                1. N\u306b\u306fN\u306e\uff5e\u304c\u3042\u308b = ‘N has its own ~’\n