{"id":711,"date":"2016-05-04T02:08:06","date_gmt":"2016-05-04T06:08:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.yookoso.com\/?page_id=711"},"modified":"2016-10-12T04:41:33","modified_gmt":"2016-10-12T08:41:33","slug":"an-integrated-approach-to-intermediate-japanese-part-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.yookoso.com\/notes\/an-integrated-approach-to-intermediate-japanese-part-1\/","title":{"rendered":"An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese – Chapters 1-8"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese — Chapters 1-8<\/h2>\n

These notes are mostly a reproduction of the \u6587\u6cd5\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8 sections of the chapters in the textbook, An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese<\/em> by Akira Miura & Naomi Hanaoka McGloin.\n<\/div>\n

\n

Chapter 1 \u6587\u6cd5\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. V (plain past) \u3070\u304b\u308a = ‘have just done something; have just finished doing something’\n
  2. \u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3070\u304b\u308a\u306e\u3053\u308d\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u304f\u3066\u56f0\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
    When I was a newcomer to Japan, I had trouble understanding Japanese.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \u3042\u306e
    \nBoth \u3042\u306e and \u305d\u306e can be used with the meaning ‘that ~’ when an item you are referring to is not in sight. \u3042\u306e is used when both the speaker and the hearer are (or are assumed to be) familiar with a person or thing in question. When only the speaker or the hearer is familiar with an item, \u305d\u306e should be used.<\/li>\n
  4. V (plain) \u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b
    This pattern indicates a change which has taken place or will take place. Just as an \u3044-adjective changes to –\u304f (e.g. \u5b89\u304f\u306a\u308b) and \u306a–adjective to – \u306b (e.g., \u3057\u305a\u304b\u306b\u306a\u308b), when a verb occurs with \u306a\u308b, \u3088\u3046\u306b is inserted.<\/li>\n
      \n
    • \u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3089\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u8208\u5473(<\/rp>\u304d\u3087\u3046\u307f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
      \nI came to have an interest in Japan after I went to Japan<\/li>\n
    • \u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u65b0\u805e(<\/rp>\u3057\u3093\u3076\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u8aad\u3081\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306f<\/u><\/strong>\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
      \nUnless you study kanji, you won’t become able to read Japanese newspapers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    • \uff5e\u306a\u3042
      \nThis is a sentence-final particle of exclamation. Its use is generally restricted to men in informal conversation, but it is also used by women in monologues. In conversation, women would use ~(\u308f)\u306d\u3048.<\/li>\n
        \n
      • \u3057\u3070\u3089\u304f\u3060\u306a\u3042\u3002
        \nIt’s been a long time since I last saw you.
        \n[Women would say \u3057\u3070\u3089\u304f\u306d\u3048.]<\/li>\n
      • \u4e00\u5ea6\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3078\u884c\u3063\u3066\u307f\u305f\u3044\u306a\u3042\u3002
        \nI wish I could go to Africa once!
        \nWomen would say \u884c\u3063\u3066\u307f\u305f\u3044\uff08\u308f\uff09\u306d\u3048 if addressing someone in conversation. However, women will often use the above form in expressing their own desires or feelings without addressing anyone in particular.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      • V (plain) \u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b = ‘It has been decided\/arranged that ~’
        \nV (plain) \u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b = ‘be expected\/supposed to; ~it is a rule\/custom that ~’
        \n\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b indicates that a certain decision has been made for the speaker by outside forces. It is often used when a situation has been arranged or when one is scheduled to do something. \u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b, on the other hand, is used to describe a rule, regulation or social custom.<\/li>\n
          \n
        • \u65e5\u672c\u3067\u82f1\u8a9e\u3092\u6559\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
          \nI am to teach English in Japan.<\/li>\n
        • \u65e5\u672c\u306e\u4f1a\u793e\u3067\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
          \n[It has been arranged that] I will be working at a Japanese company.<\/li>\n
        • \u65e5\u672c\u306e\u5bb6\u306b\u4e0a\u304c\u308b\u6642\u306f\u3001\u304f\u3064\u3092\u306c\u3050\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
          \nWhen you enter a Japanese house, you are supposed to take off your shoes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        • V (stem) \u306b\u304f\u3044 = something is difficult to V.
          \nV (stem) \u3084\u3059\u3044 = something is easy to V.<\/li>\n
        • V (plain) \u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u308b = ‘decide to do ~’
          \nCompared with \u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b, this pattern indicates active decision making by the person involved.
          \nNote<\/em>: to say ‘decide not to do ~’ use V (\u306a\u3044 form) \u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b<\/li>\n
        • S1<\/sub> \u305f\u3089S2<\/sub> = ‘When S1<\/sub>, S2<\/sub>‘
          \nWhen \u305f\u3089 clause is followed by a sentence (=S2<\/sub>) in the past tense, it means ‘when.’ The second sentence usually expresses an event or state you did not expect.<\/li>\n
            \n
          • \u6628\u65e5\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u3078\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3001\u5148\u751f\u306b\u3042\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
            \nYesterday, when I went to the library, I saw my teacher.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          • \u3068\u3066\u3082\uff5e\u306a\u3044 = ‘can’t possibly’
            \nThis phrase expresses a very strong sense of impossibility. The verb is usually in potential form. [Note<\/em>: \u3068\u3066\u3082 implies reluctance or hesitance whereas \u305c\u3093\u305c\u3093 just states it cannot be done.]<\/li>\n
              \n
            • \u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3068\u3066\u3082\u98df\u3079\u5207\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
              \nThere is so much that I can’t possibly eat it all.<\/li>\n
            • \u6771\u4eac\u3067\u306f\u3068\u3066\u3082\u5bb6\u306a\u3093\u304b\u8cb7\u3048\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
              \nI can’t possibly buy a house in Tokyo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            • V (stem of \u307e\u3059 form + \u65b9) = ‘way of doing V’<\/li>\n
                \n
              • \u6f22\u5b57\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306b\u3082<\/u><\/strong>\u8aad\u307f\u65b9\u304c\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u96e3(<\/rp>\u3080\u305a\u304b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u3044\u3002
                \nKanji are difficult because [even] one kanji [often] <\/strong>has a number of readings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              • \uff5e\u3089\u3057\u3044 = ‘evidently; it seems that’
                \n\uff5e\u3089\u3057\u3044 expresses one’s conjectures. It can be attached to nouns (e.g. \u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3089\u3057\u3044), stems of \u306a-adjectives (e.g. \u3057\u305a\u304b\u3089\u3057\u3044), plain forms of \u3044-adjectives (e.g. \u5b89\u3044\u3089\u3057\u3044) and plain forms of verbs (e.g. \u884c\u304f\u3089\u3057\u3044). It tends to be used when one’s conjecture is based on what one has heard.<\/li>\n
                  \n
                • \u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u306f\u3001\u71b1(<\/rp>\u3042\u3064<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u304a\u98a8\u5442(<\/rp>\u3075\u308d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002
                  \nIt seems that the Japanese people like hot baths.<\/li>\n
                • \u6771\u4eac\u306f\u3001\u7269\u4fa1(<\/rp>\u3076\u3063\u304b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u9ad8\u304f\u3066\u3001\u4f4f\u307f\u306b\u304f\u3044\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002
                  \nIt seems that Tokyo is a difficult place to live in because everything is expensive.<\/li>\n
                • \u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u304c\u5148\u751f\u3092\u30d5\u30a1\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30fb\u30cd\u30fc\u30e0\u3067\u547c(<\/rp>\u3088<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3076\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002
                  \nEvidently, students call teachers by their first name in America.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                • V\u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066\u306eN = ‘the first N after V-ing’
                  When a verb occurs instead of a noun, this expression takes the form of V1<\/sub> \u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066V2<\/sub>, meaning ‘When V1<\/sub> happens, then for the first time V2<\/sub> happens.<\/li>\n
                    \n
                  • \u5b66\u6821\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066\u306e\u30d4\u30af\u30cb\u30c3\u30af\u3067\u3001\u5148\u751f\u3084\u307b\u304b\u306e\u5b66\u751f\u306b\u304a\u304a\u305c\u3044\u4f1a\u3063\u305f\u3002
                    \nI met many teachers and students at the first picnic of the semester.<\/li>\n
                  • \u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u3063\u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066\u3001\u4e00\u65e5\u4e2d\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3093\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
                    \nWhen I went to Japan, I spent a whole day speaking only in Japanese, for the first time in my life.<\/li>\n
                  • \u5927\u5b66\u306b\u5165\u3063\u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u306b\u4f1a\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
                    \nWhen I entered college, I met a Japanese person for the first time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                    \n

                    Chapter 2 \u6587\u6cd5\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8<\/h2>\n
                      \n
                    1. V \u306a\u3044\u3067 = ‘without V-ing; instead of V-ing’
                      V \u306a\u3044\u3067, one of the negative \u3066-forms of a verb, is often followed by another verb, and indicates a manner in which a certain action is carried out.\n
                        \n
                      • \u65e5\u672c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4f55\u3082\u8a00\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u98df\u4e8b\u3092\u59cb\u3081\u308b\u306e\u306f\u5931\u793c\u3060\u3002<\/li>\n
                      • \u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u3078\u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3067\u5bb6\u3067\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u751f\u3082\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        V \u306a\u3044\u3067 often carries a connotation that one didn’t do what one was expected to do.<\/li>\n

                      • V\u3070\u3044\u3044\u306e\u306b = ‘You should ~ (lit<\/em>., it would be good if you did ~)’
                        \nThis expression is usually used to suggest the opposite of what the other person is doing or not doing.<\/li>\n
                          \n
                        • \u3082\u3063\u3068\u65e9\u304f\u5bdd(<\/rp>\u306d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u308c\u3070\u3044\u3044\u306e\u306b\u3002
                          \nYou should go to bed earlier.<\/li>\n
                        • \u5206\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306f\u5148\u751f\u306b\u805e\u3051\u3070\u3044\u3044\u306e\u306b\u3002
                          \nYou should ask your teacher about things that you don’t understand. [said to someone who is hesitant about asking the teach some questions.]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                        • \u305d\u308c\u306b = ‘besides; moreover’\n
                            \n
                          • \u6771\u4eac\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u7269\u4fa1(<\/rp>\u3076\u3063\u304b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3082\u9ad8\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3001\u4f4f\u307f\u306b\u304f\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/li>\n
                          • A:\u3000\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u5143\u6c17\u304c\u306a\u3055\u305d\u3046\u3060\u306d\u3002
                            \nYou don’t look well today.
                            \nB:\u3000\u3046\u3093\u3001\u982d(<\/rp>\u3042\u305f\u307e<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u75db(<\/rp>\u3044\u305f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304f\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u71b1(<\/rp>\u306d\u3064<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3082\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u3042\u308b\u3093\u3067\u3002
                            \nYes. I have a headache, and I also have a slight fever.
                            \nA:\u3000\u3058\u3083\u3001\u65e9\u304f\u5e30\u3063\u3066\u4f11\u3093\u3060\u65b9\u304c\u3044\u3044\u306d\u3002
                            \nIn that case, you should go home early and rest.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            Other conjunctions which are often used include \u305d\u308c\u3067 ‘therefore; so,’ \u305d\u3057\u3066 ‘and; and then; and also,’ \u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089 ‘after that.’ \u305d\u3057\u3066 is the most general conjunction meaning ‘and.’ \u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089 emphasizes that an event follow another event in time, and \u305d\u308c\u3067 emphasizes ‘causal’ relation between two sentences.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • \u6628\u65e5\u306f\u8cb7\u3044\u7269\u306b\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\uff5b\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u30fb\u305d\u3057\u3066\uff5d\u53cb\u9054\u306e\u5bb6\u306e\u30d1\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u3078\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u591c(<\/rp>\u3088\u308b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u5341\u6642\u3054\u308d\u5bb6\u3078\u5e30\u3063\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
                              \nI went shopping yesterday. After that I went to a party at a friend’s house and came home about ten at night.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              In the sample sentence above, both \u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089 and \u305d\u3057\u3066 are fine. However, \u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089 emphasizes the fact that it was after the shopping that the speaker went to the party. In some cases, therefore, \u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089 and \u305d\u3057\u3066 are not interchangeable.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • \u6628\u65e5\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u6599\u7406\u5c4b\u3078\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\uff08*\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\uff09\u304a\u3059\u3057\u3092\u98df\u3079\u305f\u3002
                                \n(* means that it is ungrammatical)
                                \nYesterday I went to a Japanese restaurant and ate sushi.<\/li>\n
                              • \u53cb\u9054\u306f\u516d\u6642\u3054\u308d\u3044\u3048\u3078\u6765\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\uff08*\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\uff09\u516b\u6642\u3054\u308d\u5e30\u3063\u305f\u3002
                                \nMy friend came to my home about six, and left about eight.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                \u305d\u308c\u3067 presents a reason or cause.<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • \u96ea\u304c\u964d(<\/rp>\u304a<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3001\u98db\u884c\u6a5f(<\/rp>\u3072\u3053\u3046\u304d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u9045(<\/rp>\u304a\u304f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u308c\u305f\u3093\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                  \nIt was snowing. The flight was delayed because of that.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                • \u306a\u304b\u306a\u304b\uff5e\u306a\u3044
                                  \n\u306a\u304b\u306a\u304b, when used with a negative, means that something is not easily done or that it takes time for something to happen.<\/li>\n
                                    \n
                                  • \u6f22\u5b57\u304c\u306a\u304b\u306a\u304b\u899a(<\/rp>\u304a\u307c<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3048\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3001\u56f0(<\/rp>\u3053\u307e<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3063\u3066\u4eca\u3059\u3002
                                    \nIt’s terrible because it takes a long time for me to memorize kanji.<\/li>\n
                                  • \u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3092\u98f2\u3093\u3060\u306e\u3067\u3001\u306a\u304b\u306a\u304b\u7720(<\/rp>\u306d\u3080<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002
                                    \nI had coffee, and so I couldn’t fall asleep easily.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                  • Question word + \uff5e\u304b\u5206\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044
                                    \nFor embedding a wh-question in another sentence, simply change the ending of the embedded question into the plain form. The copula \u3060 is optional. Be sure to keep the question particle \u304b at the end of the clause.<\/p>\n
                                      \n
                                    • \u5352\u696d(<\/rp>\u305d\u3064\u304e\u3087\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u3066\u304b\u3089\u4f55\u3092\u3059\u308b\u304b\u307e\u3060\u5206\u304b\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                                      \nI don’t know yet what I will be doing after graduation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      Also note that a yes-no question can be embedded in another sentence by putting the predicate into the plain form and by adding \u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b.<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      • \u30b3\u30d4\u30fc\u4ee3(<\/rp>\u3060\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3092\u6255(<\/rp>\u306f\u3089<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u899a(<\/rp>\u304a\u307c<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                                        \nI don’t remember whether I paid the copying charge or not.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                      • \u3057\u304b\uff5e\u306a\u3044 = ‘only’
                                        \n\u3057\u304b always occurs with a negative. The implied meaning is that the amount\/item mentioned is not enough or less than expected.<\/p>\n
                                          \n
                                        • \u307e\u3093\u304c\u3057\u304b\u8aad\u307e\u306a\u3044\u5b50\u4f9b\u304c\u591a\u3044\u306e\u306f\u3001\u56f0\u308b\u3002
                                          \nIt’s too bad that there are so many children who read only comic books.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                          Note that \u3057\u304b, like the particle \u3082, replaces the particles \u306f, \u304c, and \u3092, but other particles are retained as in \u5b66\u6821\u3067\u3057\u304b ‘only at school,’ \u53cb\u9054\u306b\u3057\u304b ‘only to my friend,’ etc.\n<\/li>\n

                                        • \u3064\u307e\u308a = ‘in other words; that is; namely; in short’\n
                                            \n
                                          • \u6614(<\/rp>\u3080\u304b\u3057<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u4e00\u30c9\u30eb\u4e09\u767e\u4e94\u5341\u5186\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u4eca\u306f\u4e00\u30c9\u30eb\u767e\u4e94\u5341\u5186\u3050\u3089\u3044\u3060\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u30c9\u30eb\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u306f\u6614\u306e\u4e09\u5206\u306e\u4e00<\/u><\/strong>\u3050\u3089\u3044\u306e\u8cb7\u3044\u7269\u3057\u304b\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u3002
                                            \nIn the old days, there was a time when a dollar was worth 360 yen, but now it is worth about 105 yen. In other words, nowadays, with dollars in Japan you can buy only a third of what you used to be able to.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                          • Sentence + \u308f\u3051\u3067\u3059 = ‘That is to say; It follows that; That means…’
                                            \n[Sentence + \u308f\u3051\u3067\u3059] states a logical conclusion which can be drawn from previous statements. It often gives a summary or a restatement of previous statements. <\/p>\n

                                            \u306a-adjective<\/strong>: \u4e0a\u624b\u306a\u308f\u3051\u3067\u3059\uff1b\u4e0a\u624b\u3060\u3063\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u3059
                                            \n\u3044-adjective<\/strong>: \u5b89\u3044\u308f\u3051\u3067\u3059\uff1b\u5b89\u304b\u3063\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u3059
                                            \nNoun<\/strong>: Noun + \u3068\u3044\u3046\/\u3060\u3063\u305f + \u308f\u3051
                                            \nVerb<\/strong>: \u884c\u304f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u3059\uff1b\u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044\u308f\u3051\u3067\u3059\uff1b\u884c\u3063\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u3059<\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            • A:\u3000\u30b9\u30df\u30b9\u3055\u3093\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u5341\u5e74\u3082\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u3093\u3067\u3059\u3088\u3002
                                              \nMiss Smith has lived in Japan for as long as ten years
                                              \nB: \u3000\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u30da\u30e9\u30da\u30e9\u306a<\/strong>\u308f\u3051\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002
                                              \nThat’s why she speaks fluent Japanese, right?<\/li>\n
                                            • A:\u3000\u3042\u306e\u4eba\u306f\u5916\u3078\u3082\u51fa\u304b\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3067\u52c9\u5f37\u3070\u304b\u308a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                              \nHe studies all the time without even going out.
                                              \nB:\u3000\u3088\u304f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002
                                              \nNo wonder he is good.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                            • \uff5e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066 = ‘depending on’\n
                                                \n
                                              • \u3042\u3044\u3055\u3064\u8a00\u8449(<\/rp>\u3053\u3068\u3070<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u305d\u306e\u65e5\u306e\u5929\u6c17\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u8a00\u3048\u3070\u3088\u3044\u3002
                                                \nWhat greeting you may use may vary depending on the weather of the day.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                              • \uff5e\u306b\u5f53(<\/rp>\u3042<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u305f\u308b = ‘correspond to ~’\n
                                                  \n
                                                • \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u300c\u3053\u3093\u306b\u3061\u306f\u300d\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306eHello\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3002
                                                  \nJapanese “konnichiwa” corresponds to English “hello.”<\/li>\n
                                                • \u4e00\u30c9\u30eb\u306f\u3001\u4f55\u5186\u306b\u5f53\u305f\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002
                                                  \nHow many yen is a dollar?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                • \uff5e\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a N = ‘N, like ~; N such as ~’\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • \u300c\u3069\u3046\u3082\u300d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4fbf\u5229(<\/rp>\u3079\u3093\u308a<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306a\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002
                                                    \nI don’t think English has a phrase like the convenient “doomo.”<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                                                    \n

                                                    Chapter 3 \u6587\u6cd5\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8<\/h2>\n
                                                      \n
                                                    1. V\u306a\u3044\u3067
                                                      \nIn casual conversation, V \u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044 is often contracted to V \u306a\u3044\u3067.<\/p>\n
                                                        \n
                                                      • \u660e\u65e5\u6301\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b\u306e\u3092\u5fd8\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3067\u306d\u3002
                                                        \nPlease don’t forget to bring [it] tomorrow, OK?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                      • V(causative)\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b
                                                        \nLiterally it means ‘Could I not receive a favor of your letting me do ~?’ It is a very polite request for permission to do something.<\/p>\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • \u524d\u306e\u65e5\u306b\u8a66\u9a13(<\/rp>\u3057\u3051\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3092\u53d7(<\/rp>\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3051\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002
                                                          \nWould you please let me take the exam one day early?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                        • \uff5e\u3070\uff5e\u307b\u3069 = ‘The more\/less ~, the more\/less ~’
                                                          \nThe first part of this construction is a \u3070-conditional form, and the second part is a plain form of verbs and \u3044-adjectives. When noun -\u3060 or \u306a-adjectives occur, \u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070 is used.<\/p>\n
                                                            \n
                                                          • \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308c\u3070\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u307b\u3069\u9762\u767d(<\/rp>\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                            \nI think that the more you study Japanese the more interesting you will find it.<\/li>\n
                                                          • \u5b66\u751f\u304c\u591a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u591a\u3044\u307b\u3069\u3001\u9078(<\/rp>\u3048\u3089<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3070\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304c\u96e3(<\/rp>\u3080\u305a\u304b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u3044\u3002
                                                            \nThe more students there are [who apply], the more difficult it is to be selected.<\/li>\n
                                                          • \u3044\u3044\u30ec\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3042\u308b\u307b\u3069\u9ad8\u3044\u3002
                                                            \nBetter restaurants are more expensive.<\/li>\n
                                                          • \u8aac\u660e(<\/rp>\u305b\u3064\u3081\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u304b\u3093\u305f\u3093\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3042\u308b\u307b\u3069\u3044\u3044\u3002
                                                            \nSimpler explanations are better.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                          • \uff5e\u4ee5\u5916(<\/rp>\u3044\u304c\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306e\/\u4ee5\u5916\u306b = ‘other than ~; besides ~’\n
                                                              \n
                                                            • \u5b66\u671f(<\/rp>\u304c\u3063\u304d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306e\u521d\u3081\u306f\u3001\u6559\u79d1\u66f8(<\/rp>\u304d\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3057\u3087<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u4ee5\u5916\u306b\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u8cb7\u3046\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002
                                                              \nAt the beginning of the semester, there are so many things to buy besides textbooks.<\/li>\n
                                                            • \u6587\u90e8\u7701(<\/rp>\u3082\u3093\u3076\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u5968\u5b66\u91d1(<\/rp>\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304c\u304f\u304d\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                              \nThere are other scholarships than that from the Ministry of Education.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                            • \u5fc5(<\/rp>\u304b\u306a\u3089<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u305a\u3057\u3082\uff5e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044 = ‘It does not necessarily mean that…’
                                                              \n\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082 is often followed by an expression such as \uff5e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044. This is a way of expressing that a certain expectation does not always hold.<\/p>\n
                                                                \n
                                                              • \u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u3051\u3070\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u4e0a\u624b\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                                                                \nIt is not necessarily the case that one’s Japanese improves once one goes to Japan.<\/li>\n
                                                              • \u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u9ad8\u3044\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002
                                                                \nIt is not necessarily the case that expensive things are good.<\/li>\n
                                                              • \u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u304c\u307f\u3093\u306a\u7d0d\u8c46(<\/rp>\u306a\u3063\u3068\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u597d\u304d[\u3060]\u3068\u3044\u3046\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                                                                \nIt is not necessarily the case that all Japanese like natto.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                              • \u3070\u304b\u308a = ‘nothing but ~’
                                                                \n[X \u3070\u304b\u308a\u3060] expresses the idea that there are so much X that it appears as if only X exists.<\/p>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                • \u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u3063\u3066\u521d\u3081\u306e\u3053\u308d\u306f\u3001\u9762\u767d\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3070\u304b\u308a\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002
                                                                  \nWhen I went to Japan, in the beginning I had nothing but interesting experiences.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                  \u3070\u304b\u308a can also be used in combination with the \u3066-form of a verb.<\/p>\n

                                                                    \n
                                                                  • \u30c6\u30ec\u30d3\u3092\u898b\u3066\u3070\u304b\u308a\u3044\u308b\u3068\u52c9\u5f37\u3067\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                                                                    \nIf you watch TV all the time, you can’t study.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                  • \u306a\u308b\u3079\u304f = ‘as ~ as possible’\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    • \u5bbf\u984c(<\/rp>\u3057\u3085\u304f\u3060\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u3001\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304f\u6b21\u306e\u65e5\u306b\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002
                                                                      \nIf possible, please hand in homework the next day.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                    • V (plain) \u3079\u304d = ‘should; ought to’
                                                                      \nThis is a form derived from the classical auxiliary verb \u3079\u3057. It follows the plain non-past form of verbs and carries the meaning ‘one should do ~.’ When the verb is \u3059\u308b, both \u3059\u3079\u304d and \u3059\u308b\u3079\u304d are used. The negative form of \u3079\u304d is V (plain) \u3079\u304d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044 rather than *\u306a\u3044\u3079\u304d\u3060.<\/p>\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      • \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u65b0\u805e(<\/rp>\u3057\u3093\u3076\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u8aad\u307f\u305f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3059[\u308b]\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3002
                                                                        \nIf one wants to read Japanese newspapers, one should study kanji.<\/li>\n
                                                                      • \u307b\u304b\u306e\u4eba\u306e\u610f\u898b(<\/rp>\u3044\u3051\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3082\u805e\u304f\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3002
                                                                        \nOne should listen to the opinion of others.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                                                                        \n

                                                                        Chapter 4 \u6587\u6cd5\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8<\/h2>\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        1. \u5225(<\/rp>\u3079\u3064<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306b\uff08\uff5e\u306a\u3044\uff09= ‘not particularly’
                                                                          \n\u5225\u306b is an adverb which is usually followed by a negative form and indicates that something is not particularly the case.<\/p>\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          • \u5148\u751f:\u3000\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3\u541b\u3001\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u5143\u6c17\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u306d\u3002\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3057\u305f\u3093\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002
                                                                            \nMr. Brown, you don’t look very well today. Is something wrong?
                                                                            \n\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3:\u3000\u3044\u3044\u3048\u3001\u5225\u306b\u4f55\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                                                                            \nNo, there is nothing particularly wrong.<\/li>\n
                                                                          • A:\u3000\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u30af\u30e9\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u3069\u3046\uff1f\u96e3\u3057\u3044\uff1f
                                                                            \nHow is your Japanese class? Difficult?
                                                                            \nB:\u3000\u3046\u3046\u3093\u3001\u5225\u306b\u3002
                                                                            \nNot particularly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                            In speech, the phrase which follows \u5225\u306b is often omitted.<\/li>\n

                                                                          • \uff5e\u304b\u306a
                                                                            \nThis is a colloquial form of \uff5e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b meaning ‘I wonder.’ \uff5e\u304b\u306a is used only by male speakers in very informal situations. Women would use \uff5e\u304b\u3057\u3089.<\/p>\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            • \u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u6669\u5fa1\u98ef(<\/rp>\u3070\u3093\u3054\u306f\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306b\u4f55\u304c\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b<\/strong>\u304b\u306a\/\u304b\u3057\u3089\u3002
                                                                              \nI wonder what will be served<\/strong> for dinner today.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                              \uff5e\u304b\u306a can be used by women in monologues and also when it is followed by such expressions as \u3068\u601d\u3046.<\/li>\n

                                                                            • \u305f\u3057\u304b = ‘If I remember correctly; if I am not mistaken’
                                                                              \nWhen \u305f\u3057\u304b is used, the speaker is somewhat uncertain about the truth of his statement.<\/p>\n
                                                                                \n
                                                                              • \u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u4e00\u756a\u4eba\u53e3\u306e\u591a\u3044\u5dde(<\/rp>\u3057\u3085\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306f\u3001\u305f\u3057\u304b\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30cb\u30a2\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                                                \nIf I am recall correctly, the most populous state in the U.S. is California.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                Do not confuse \u305f\u3057\u304b with \u305f\u3057\u304b\u306b ‘certainly.’ \u4f8b) \u305f\u3057\u304b\u306b\u79c1\u304c\u60aa\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059\u3002 (Certainly, I’m the one who was wrong.)<\/li>\n

                                                                              • X\u306fY\u3067\u6709\u540d(<\/rp>\u3086\u3046\u3081\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3060 = ‘X is famous for Y’
                                                                                \nY can be a noun or a noun phrase (i.e., a sentence + \u306e\/\u3053\u3068).<\/p>\n
                                                                                  \n
                                                                                • \u4eac\u90fd\u306f\u3001\u53e4\u3044\u304a\u5bfa\u3067\u6709\u540d\u306a\u753a\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                                                                  \nKyoto is famous for its old temples.<\/li>\n
                                                                                • \u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u306f\u3001\u3088\u304f\u50cd(<\/rp>\u306f\u305f\u3089<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304f\u306e\u3067\u6709\u540d\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                                                                  \nThe Japanese people are famous for working hard.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                • \u306b\u3059\u308b = ‘to decide on N; to have\/take N’\n
                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  • \u30d4\u30af\u30cb\u30c3\u30af\u306f\u3001\u4eca\u5ea6\u306e\u571f\u66dc\u65e5\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
                                                                                    \nLet’s make it [the picnic] this Saturday.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                  • \uff5e\u3088\u3046\u3060N\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b = ‘it seems that; it looks like ~’
                                                                                    \n\uff5e\u3088\u3046\u3060 expresses one’s conjectures. It is attached to nouns, \u306a-adjectives, plain forms of \u3044-adjectives and verbs. <\/p>\n

                                                                                    \u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3060 ⇒ \u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u306e\u3088\u3046\u3060
                                                                                    \n\u3057\u305a\u304b\u3060 ⇒ \u3057\u305a\u304b\u306a\u3088\u3046\u3060
                                                                                    \n\u9762\u767d\u3044⇒ \u9762\u767d\u3044\u3088\u3046\u3060
                                                                                    \n\u884c\u304f⇒ \u3044\u304f\u3088\u3046\u3060<\/p>\n

                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    • A:\u3000\u3053\u306e\u767d\u3044\u306e\u306f\u4f55\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002
                                                                                      \nWhat’s this white thing?
                                                                                      \nB:\u3000\u3055\u3042\u3001\u3088\u304f\u5206\u304b\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304c\u3001\u304a\u3068\u3046\u3075\u306e\u3088\u3046\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3048\u3002
                                                                                      \nWell, I don’t know for sure, but it looks like tofu.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    • \u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u306f\u767d\u3044\u8eca\u304c\u597d\u304d\u306a\u3088\u3046\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                                                                      \nJapanese people seem to like white cars.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    • \u5148\u751f\u306f\u6bce\u65e5\u304a\u5fd9(<\/rp>\u3044\u305d\u304c<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u3044\u3088\u3046\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3044\u3064\u3082\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4(<\/rp>\u3051\u3093\u304d\u3085\u3046\u3057\u3064<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306b\u3044\u3089\u3063\u3057\u3083\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                                                      \nOur teacher seems to be busy every day. [He\/she] is always in [his\/her] office.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    • \u3053\u306e\u3054\u308d\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u3084\u305b\u305f\u3088\u3046\u3067\u3059\u3002\u524d\u306b\u304d\u3064\u304b\u3063\u305f\u6d0b\u670d(<\/rp>\u3088\u3046\u3075\u304f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u7740(<\/rp>\u304d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
                                                                                      \nIt seems I’ve lost some weight. I am able to wear clothes which were too tight before.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                      Both \u3089\u3057\u3044 and \u3088\u3046 give conjectures. With \u3088\u3046, there is a sense that the conjecture is based on the speaker’s first-hand information such as one’s direct observation. \u3089\u3057\u3044, on the other hand, bases its conjectures more on what one heard.<\/p>\n

                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      • \u8a66\u9a13\u306f\u96e3\u3057\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3088\u3046\u3060
                                                                                        \nIt seems that the exam was difficult (said, for example, by a teacher who has given an exam and observed that the students were having difficulty finishing or were looking grim, etc.)<\/li>\n
                                                                                      • \u8a66\u9a13\u306f\u96e3\u3057\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002
                                                                                        \nIt seems that the exam was difficult (suggests that the speaker has heard one of the students saying that the exam was difficult.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[N1<\/sub> \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a N2<\/sub>] specifically expresses the idea that N1<\/sub> looks\/behaves like N2<\/sub>. In the following examples, \u3088\u3046\u306a indicates that \u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093 is really not a woman but looks\/acts like a woman. \u3089\u3057\u3044, on the other hand, indicates that \u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093 is a typical woman – i.e. feminine.<\/p>\n
                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        • \u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306f\u3001\u5973\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                                                                          \nMr. Tanaka looks like a woman.<\/li>\n
                                                                                        • \u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306f\u3001\u5973\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                                                                          \nMs. Tanaka is very feminine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                          Similarly, N\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b, which is an adverbial form, expresses the idea that someone\/something acts\/is like someone\/something else.<\/p>\n

                                                                                            \n
                                                                                          • \u30b9\u30df\u30b9\u3055\u3093\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u4e0a\u624b\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                                                                            \nMr. Smith speaks Japanese like a native speaker.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                          • \u3055\u3048 = ‘even’
                                                                                            \n\u3055\u3048 most normally follows a noun (or a sentence + \u3053\u3068), focusing on the most unusual or least expected case.<\/p>\n
                                                                                              \n
                                                                                            • \u81ea\u5206\u306e\u540d\u524d\u3055\u3048\u66f8\u3051\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u306f\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
                                                                                              \nThere probably are very few people who can’t even write their own names.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            • \u671f\u672b(<\/rp>\u304d\u307e\u3064<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u8a66\u9a13(<\/rp>\u3057\u3051\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306e\u524d\u306f\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u306f\u5fd9\u3057\u304f\u3066\u3001\u5bdd(<\/rp>\u306d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u308b\u6642\u9593\u3055\u3048\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                                                                                              \nStudents are so busy before final exams that they don’t even have time to sleep.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            • \u3068\u304d\u3069\u304d\u590f\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6691(<\/rp>\u3042\u3064<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u65e5\u3055\u3048\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                                                              \nSome days, it’s even as hot as summer.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            • \u65e5\u672c\u306e\u590f\u306f\u6691\u304f\u3066\u3001\u7720(<\/rp>\u306d\u3080<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3055\u3048\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                                                              \nIt’s so hot in the summer in Japan that ther are even times you can’t sleep.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                            • \u3044\u3064\u306e\u307e\u306b\u304b = ‘before one knows it; before one realizes’\n
                                                                                                \n
                                                                                              • \u304a\u91d1\u306f\u3044\u3064\u306e\u307e\u306b\u304b\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                \nMoney is gone before you know it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                              • \uff5e\u306b\u306a\u308c\u308b = ‘be used to; be accustomed to’
                                                                                                \nThis phrase follows a noun directly or a sentence followed by \u306e.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                • \u65e5\u672c\u306e\u751f\u6d3b\u306b\u306a\u308c\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                  \nI have become used to the Japanese way of life.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                • \u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u3082\u656c\u8a9e(<\/rp>\u3051\u3044\u3054<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u306e\u306b\u306a\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u304c\u304a\u304a\u305c\u3044\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                                                                  \nEven among the Japanese, there are many people who are not used to using honorifics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                • \uff5e\u3066\u304f\u308b
                                                                                                  \nWhen \u6765\u308b and \u884c\u304f are used with verbs which express change, process, transition, etc. they indicate how a certain change relates to the speaker in time. \uff5e\u3066\u304f\u308b indicates that a certain change has been taking place up to now<\/em>, and \uff5e\u3066\u3044\u304f indicates that a change will continue to take place from now on<\/em>.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                • \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u3060\u3044\u3076<\/strong>\u8a71\u305b\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                  \nI have come to be able to speak Japanese a lot better<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                • \u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306e\u751f\u6d3b\u306f\u3001\u3069\u3093\u3069\u3093\u5909\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
                                                                                                  \nOur life style will continue to change rapidly.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                • \uff5e\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044 = ‘It does not mean that…; it does not follow that…’
                                                                                                  \n\uff5e\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044 negates what one would generally conclude from previous statements or situations.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                  • \u3042\u307e\u308a\u82f1\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304c\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                                                                                                    \n[I] don’t speak English much, but that does not mean that [I] can’t speak it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  • V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u6e08(<\/rp>\u3059<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3080
                                                                                                    \nV\u306a\u3044\u3067 (negative \u3066-form) followed by \u6e08\u3080 means that one manages or gets by without doing V.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                    • \u30d0\u30b9\u304c\u3059\u3050\u6765\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3042\u307e\u308a\u5f85\u305f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u6e08\u307f\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                      \nThe bus came right away, and so I did not have to wait too long.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    • \u6bce\u65e5\u98ef\u3092\u4f5c\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3067\u6e08\u3080\u3068\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002
                                                                                                      \nIt will be nice if we don’t have to cook every day, don’t you think?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    • V\/Adjective (stem) \u3059\u304e\u308b = ‘too ~; do something too much’
                                                                                                      \n\u98df\u3079\u308b ⇒ \u98df\u3079\u3059\u304e\u308b; \u3059\u308b ⇒ \u3057\u3059\u304e\u308b; \u9ad8\u3044 ⇒ \u9ad8\u3059\u304e\u308b; \u3057\u305a\u304b\u306a ⇒ \u3057\u305a\u304b\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/p>\n
                                                                                                        \n
                                                                                                      • \u98df\u3079\u3059\u304e\u308b\u3068\u3001\u304a\u306a\u304b\u304c\u75db(<\/rp>\u3044\u305f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304f\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3088\u3002
                                                                                                        \nIf you eat too much, you will get a stomachache.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      • \uff5e\u4ee5\u4e0a(<\/rp>\u3044\u3058\u3087\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby> = ‘more than ~’\n
                                                                                                          \n
                                                                                                        • \u4e00\u5b66\u671f\u306b\u5341\u4e94\u5358\u4f4d(<\/rp>\u305f\u3093\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u53d6(<\/rp>\u3068<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u308b\u3068\u5927\u5909(<\/rp>\u305f\u3044\u3078\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                                                                          \nI think it will be hard to carry more than fifteen credits a semester.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                                                                                                          \n

                                                                                                          Chapter 5 \u6587\u6cd5\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8<\/h2>\n
                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                          1. \uff5e\u306b\u6c17\u304c\u3064\u304f = ‘to notice ~’
                                                                                                            \nThis expression can be used either with a noun or a phrase (sentence + \u306e or \u3053\u3068).<\/p>\n
                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                            • \u9593\u9055(<\/rp>\u307e\u3061\u304c<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3044\u306b\u6c17\u304c\u3064\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                              \nI wasn’t aware of my mistake.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            • \u5bbf\u984c(<\/rp>\u3057\u3085\u304f\u3060\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3092\u5fd8\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6c17\u304c\u3064\u3044\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u30af\u30e9\u30b9\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3089\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                              \nIt was after the class started that I noticed that I had forgotten my homework.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            • \u305b\u3063\u304b\u304f
                                                                                                              \n\u305b\u3063\u304b\u304f indicates that something has been done with a great deal of trouble, that someone has spent a great deal of time to reach a certain state.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                                \n
                                                                                                              • \u4eba\u304c\u305b\u3063\u304b\u304f\u4f5c\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308c\u305f\u6599\u7406\u3092\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306f\u5931\u793c(<\/rp>\u3057\u3064\u308c\u3044<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3060\u3002
                                                                                                                \nIt’s impolite not to eat food which someone has taken the trouble of preparing for you.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                              • \u305b\u3063\u304b\u304f\u7fd2(<\/rp>\u306a\u3089<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3063\u305f\u6f22\u5b57\u306f\u5fd8\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
                                                                                                                \nPlease try not to forget kanji, which you have spent considerable time and energy to learn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                              • \uff5e\u308f\u3051\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u3044
                                                                                                                \n[V (plain, non-past, affirmative) \u308f\u3051\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u3044] means that one cannot do certain things for social\/moral\/situational reasons.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                                • \u666e\u901a\u306e\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u30d1\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u3067\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3059\u308f\u3051\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                                                                                                                  \nWe can’t very well speak Japanese at a normal American party.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                • \u3053\u308c\u306f\u5148\u751f\u306e\u672c\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306b\u8cb8(<\/rp>\u304b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3059\u308f\u3051\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                                                                                                                  \nSince this is my teacher’s book, I can’t very well lend it to you.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                                  When the negative form is used with \u308f\u3051\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u3044, the meaning is affirmative – i.e., it has the sense of ‘can’t help but do ~.’ One does not have any other choice.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                                  • \u660e\u65e5\u8a66\u9a13(<\/rp>\u3057\u3051\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4eca\u6669(<\/rp>\u3053\u3093\u3070\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u52c9\u5f37(<\/rp>\u3079\u3093\u304d\u3087\u3046<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u306a\u3044\u308f\u3051\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
                                                                                                                    \nSince I have an exam tomorrow, I cannot help but study tonight.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                  • \u305d\u3046\u304b\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066
                                                                                                                    \nThis phrase is used to qualify the preceding statement. It is often followed by \uff5e\u308f\u3051\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u3044, \uff5e\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044, etc.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                                    • A:\u3000\u5bee\u306e\u98df\u4e8b\u306f\u307e\u305a\u3044\u306d\u3048\u3002
                                                                                                                      \nDormitory food is bad!
                                                                                                                      \nB:\u3000\u3046\u3093\u3001\u3067\u3082\u3001\u305d\u3046\u304b\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044\u308f\u3051\u306b\u3082\u3044\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3057\u3002
                                                                                                                      \nYes, but we still have to eat, so…<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                    • V (past) \u4e0a\u3067 = ‘upon V-ing; after V-ing’\n
                                                                                                                        \n
                                                                                                                      • \u305d\u306e\u304a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u4e21\u89aa(<\/rp>\u308a\u3087\u3046\u3057\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3068\u76f8\u8ac7(<\/rp>\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3093<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u304a\u8fd4\u4e8b(<\/rp>\u3078\u3093\u3058<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002
                                                                                                                        \nOn that matter, I will reply after I have consulted with my parents.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                      • \u5927\u5207(<\/rp>\u305f\u3044\u305b\u3064<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u3088\u304f\u8003\u3048\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u6c7a(<\/rp>\u304d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3081\u305f\u65b9\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
                                                                                                                        \nYou should decide important matters after considering them carefully.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                      • \u305f\u3081\u306b = ‘in order to’
                                                                                                                        \n[V (plain, non-past) \u305f\u3081\u306b] indicates a purpose for one’s action.<\/p>\n
                                                                                                                          \n
                                                                                                                        • \u3053\u306e\u3054\u308d\u306f\u904a(<\/rp>\u3042\u305d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3076\u305f\u3081\u306b\u30a2\u30eb\u30d0\u30a4\u30c8\u3092\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u751f\u3082\u591a\u3044\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002
                                                                                                                          \nI hear that these days there are many students who work part-time so that they have money for fun.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                        • \u30ad\u30e3\u30ed\u30eb\u306f\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u306e\u65e5\u3092\u5909(<\/rp>\u304b<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3048\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3046\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5148\u751f\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4(<\/rp>\u3051\u3093\u304d\u3085\u3046\u3057\u3064<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3078\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3002
                                                                                                                          \nCarol went to her teacher’s office in order to ask him to change an exam date.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                                          When \u305f\u3081 is followed by \u306e, the phrase modifies a following noun.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                                          • LL\u306f\u30c6\u30fc\u30d7\u3092\u805e\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306e\u90e8\u5c4b(<\/rp>\u3078\u3084<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                                                                                                            \nA language lab is a room for listening to tapes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                          • \uff5e\u3066\u3082
                                                                                                                            \n[V\/Adj (\u3066-form) + \u3082] means that ‘even when one does ~’ or ‘even if one does ~.’ With the sense of ‘even when\/if,’ the main sentence is usually in the non-past. Nouns and \u306a-adjectives can take the form of \uff5e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082 (e.g. \u3057\u305a\u304b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082), but they are usually contracted to \uff5e\u3067\u3082 (e.g. \u3057\u305a\u304b\u3067\u3082\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3082).<\/p>\n
                                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                                            • \u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304f\u524d\u306b\u65e5\u672c\u6587\u5316\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066\u304a\u3051\u3070\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3082\u30ab\u30eb\u30c1\u30e3\u30fc\u30fb\u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30af\u306f\u53d7\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
                                                                                                                              \nIf you study Japanese culture before you go to Japan, you won’t have culture shock even when you go there.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                            • \uff5e\u305a
                                                                                                                              \n\u305a is a negative form in classical Japanese. The modern equivalent is \u306a\u3044. The form \u305a often appears in contemporary Japanese (especially in written style). \u305a is used between clauses with the sense of \u306a\u304f\u3066\/\u306a\u3044\u3067 , or in the form \u305a\u306b with the sense of ‘without doing such and such.’ Verbs conjugate with \u305a in the same manner as with \u306a\u3044 (e.g., \u8aad\u3080 ⇒ \u8aad\u307e\u306a\u3044⇒ \u8aad\u307e\u305a, \u8cb8\u3059⇒ \u8cb8\u3055\u306a\u3044⇒ \u8cb8\u3055\u305a, \u304f\u308b ⇒ \u3053\u306a\u3044⇒ \u3053\u305a) with the exception of \u305b\u305a for \u3059\u308b.<\/p>\n
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                                                                                                                              • \u5bdd\u305a\u306b\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u3068\u75c5\u6c17\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
                                                                                                                                \nIf you study without sleeping, you will get sick.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                              • Causative-passive: \u8cb7\u308f\u3055\u308c\u308b = ‘be made to buy’
                                                                                                                                \nThis is a shortened variation of a causative-passive form \u8cb7\u308f\u305b\u3089\u308c\u308b. \u30fc\u305b\u3089\u308c\u308b is often contracted to \u30fc\u3055\u308c\u308b, unless the resulting form duplicates \u3055. (e.g., \u8a71\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u308b is not contracted to *\u8a71\u3055\u3055\u308c\u308b.)<\/p>\n